First commit of partial RosettaCode contents.

Pushing this for testing purposes. Lots of work still needed.
This commit is contained in:
Ingy döt Net 2013-04-08 13:02:41 -07:00
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4D:
ext: 4d
AWK:
ext: awk
BASIC:
ext: bas
Befunge:
ext: bf
C:
ext: c
Clojure:
ext: clj
CoffeeScript:
ext: coffee
Erlang:
ext: erl
Forth:
ext: fth
Fortran:
ext: f
Go:
ext: go
Haskell:
ext: hs
Java:
ext: java
JavaScript:
ext: js
LaTeX:
ext: tex
Lua:
ext: lua
Perl:
ext: pl
PHP:
ext: php
PicoLisp:
ext: l
PIR:
ext: pir
Python:
ext: py
REXX:
ext: rexx
Ruby:
ext: rb
Scala:
ext: scala
SNUSP:
ext: snusp
Tcl:
ext: tcl
Turing:
ext: turing

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api_url: http://rosettacode.org/mw/api.php

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99 Bottles of Beer: {}
Anagrams: {}
Bulls and cows: {}
Comments: {}
Death Star: {}
Entropy: {}
FizzBuzz: {}
Go Fish: {}
# Happy numbers: {}
Infinity: {}
JSON: {}
Knuth shuffle: {}
# Leap year: {}
# Mandlbrot set: {}
Narcissist: {}
Ordered words: {}
Pi: {}
Quine: {}
# ROT-13: {}
Search a list: {}

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{{stub}}{{language|4D}}{{IDE}}'''4D''' (or '''4th Dimension''') is a database management system and [[:Category:Integrated Development Environments|integrated development environment]] authored by Laurent Ribardière in 1984.
==Citations==
*[[wp:4th_Dimension_%28Software%29|Wikipedia:4th Dimension (Software)]]

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{{language
|exec=interpreted
|tag=awk
}}
AWK is a small but powerful programming language that can process and convert text files. AWK is part of every [[Unix]]-derived system.
Each AWK program consists of pattern-action statements. The program reads each input line, checks lines against patterns, and runs matching actions. For programs that never read input lines, the entire program can be one <code>BEGIN { ... }</code> block.
* ''List users who have /bin/ksh as a shell.''<lang awk>$ awk -F: '$7 == "/bin/ksh" { print $1 }' /etc/passwd</lang>
AWK has only three types of variables: they are strings, floating-point numbers, and associative arrays (where every array index is a string). Conversion between strings and numbers is automatic. AWK also has regular expressions, which appear in many AWK programs. There are a few built-in functions, like cos() and sprintf().
* ''Find average line length.''<lang awk>$ awk '{ cnt += length($0) } END { print cnt / NR }' /etc/rc</lang>
The name "AWK" comes from the initials of Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger and Brian Kernighan: they invented AWK during the 1970s. A few decades later, Kernighan continues to maintain the [[nawk|reference implementation]] of AWK.
==Links==
*[http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=awk&section=1 awk(1) manual page], short and brief
*[[wp:AWK (programming language)|AWK in Wikipedia]]
*[http://awk.info AWK Community Portal]

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{{language
|tags=qbasic, freebasic, thinbasic
|hopl id=176
|LCT=yes
}}
'''BASIC''' is the ''Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code''. John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz invented BASIC at Dartmouth College during 1963 and 1964. (Their implementation evolved into [[True BASIC]].)
BASIC became popular, with many different implementations for various computers. As the decades passed, the many dialects of BASIC diverged from the original language. Though an ANSI standard exists for BASIC, it is irrelevant to most BASIC programmers, who only target one implementation of BASIC.
[[:Category:BASIC Implementations]] lists the many implementations of BASIC in Rosetta Code.
==Links==
*[[wp:BASIC|Wikipedia:BASIC]]
{{language programming paradigm|Procedural}}

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{{language|Befunge}}
'''Befunge''' is an esoteric programming language invented by Chris Pressey in 1993. It is unusual for having a two-dimensional toroidal code space. Commands are single characters. The instruction pointer can move up, down, left, and right across the source. The original specification is known as Befunge-93, which was later updated with additional features as Befunge-98.
Befunge was the first of a family of languages referred to as "Funges". In addition to the "normal" 2-dimensional layout, there is a 1-dimension variant called '''Unefunge''', a 3-dimensional variant called '''Trefunge''', and an ''N''-dimensional variant called '''Nefunge'''.
==See also==
* [[wp:Esoteric programming language#Funges|Funges on Wikipedia]]
* [[eso:Befunge|Befunge on Esolangs]]
* [http://catseye.tc/projects/befunge93/doc/befunge93.html Befunge-93 Documentation] (broken in some browsers)
** [http://web.archive.org/web/20080625030023/http://catseye.tc/projects/befunge93/doc/befunge93.html Web Archive copy of the above]
* [http://quadium.net/funge/spec98.html Funge-98 Final Specification]
[[Category:Esoteric Languages]]

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<div class="messagebox">Due to technical limitations, the link [[C sharp|C#]] points to here in some articles. To correct this issue, replace <nowiki>[[C#]] with [[C sharp|C#]]</nowiki>.</div>
{{language
|exec=machine
|gc=no
|safety=unsafe
|parampass=value
|checking=static
|compat=nominative
|express=explicit
|strength=weak
|tags=c
|hopl id=577
|LCT=yes
|bnf=http://c.comsci.us/syntax/index.html
}}{{language programming paradigm|Imperative}}{{Codepad}}
'''C''' is a general-purpose, [[procedural programming|procedural]], [[imperative programming|imperative]] computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Laboratories]] for use with the [[UNIX]] operating system. C evolved from its predecessor, [[derived from::B]].
C has since spread to many other [[:Category:Platforms|platforms]], and is now one of the most widely used programming languages. C has also greatly influenced many other popular languages, such as [[C++]] and [[Objective-C]], which were originally designed as enhancements to C. People are so familiar with its syntax that many other languages such as [[AWK]], [[PHP]], [[Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[D]], and [[C Sharp|C#]] deliberately used its "look and feel". C is the most commonly used programming language for writing system software, though it is also widely used for writing applications. [[C]] is the ''lingua franca'' of the [[open source]] community.
==Versions==
* '''K&R C''' was the first widely-used form of C. It was originally documented in ''The C Programming Language'', published in 1978. It is named for the authors, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie (also the language's creator). Code in this style is virtually nonexistent today.
* '''C89''' (often called '''[[ANSI]] C''') is the version of C standardized by ANSI in 1989. It is the most commonly used and supported version of the language. The term "C" usually refers to C89 or C90.
* '''C90''' (often called '''[[ISO]] C''') is a minor improvement to C89, standardized by ISO in 1990. Most C compilers support it by default.
* '''C99''' is a significant improvement, adopting many features of [[C++]] and standardizing common compiler extensions. It was standardized by ISO in 1999, and by ANSI in 2000. It is not completely supported by many, if any, compilers, but most of its features are available in [[GCC]]. [http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html]
* '''C11''' is the current standard, published in December 2011. Some of its features are available in GCC. [http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.6/changes.html#c]
==Citation==
*[[wp:C_%28programming_language%29|Wikipedia:C (programming language)]]
{{language programming paradigm|Imperative}}

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{{language|Clojure
|site=http://clojure.org/
|exec=bytecode
|gc=yes
|safety=safe
|checking=both
|strength=strong
|LCT=yes}}
{{language programming paradigm|functional}}
{{language programming paradigm|concurrent}}
{{implementation|Lisp}}
Clojure is a dynamic programming language that targets the [[runs on vm::Java Virtual Machine]]. It is designed to be a general-purpose language, combining the approachability and interactive development of a scripting language with an efficient and robust infrastructure for multithreaded programming. Clojure is a compiled language - it compiles directly to JVM [[bytecode]], yet remains completely dynamic. Every feature supported by Clojure is supported at runtime. Clojure provides easy access to the [[Java]] frameworks, with optional type hints and type inference, to ensure that calls to Java can avoid reflection.
Clojure is a dialect of [[Lisp]], and shares with Lisp the code-as-data philosophy and a powerful macro system. Clojure is predominantly a functional programming language, and features a rich set of immutable, persistent data structures. When mutable state is needed, Clojure offers a software transactional memory system and reactive Agent system that ensure clean, correct, multithreaded designs.
==See Also==
* [http://richhickey.github.com/clojure-contrib/ clojure-contrib] -- Clojure's contrib library

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{{language}}{{wikipedia|CoffeeScript}}'''CoffeeScript''' is a programming language that compiles to [[:Category:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. The language adds syntactic sugar inspired by [[:Category:Ruby|Ruby]] and [[:Category:Python|Python]] to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability, as well as adding more sophisticated features like array comprehension and pattern matching.
With 4000+ watchers and 300+ forks (as of December 2011), CoffeeScript is ranked as one of the "most interesting" projects on Github. [http://github.com/repositories] The language has a relatively large following in the Ruby community, and has been used in production by [http://thinkvitamin.com/mobile/new-rails-like-framework-from-37signals-for-html5-mobile-apps/ 37signals]. Ruby on Rails began to include CoffeeScript in its asset pipeline in Rails version 3.1 (see [http://www.rubyinside.com/rails-3-1-adopts-coffeescript-jquery-sass-and-controversy-4669.html]).
== History ==
On December 13, 2009, Jeremy Ashkenas made the first git commit of CoffeeScript with the comment: "Initial commit of the mystery language." The compiler was written in Ruby. On December 24th, he made the first tagged and documented release, 0.1.0. On February 21, 2010, he committed version 0.5, which replaced the Ruby compiler with one written in pure CoffeeScript. By that time the project had attracted several other contributors on Github, and was receiving over 300 page hits per day.
On December 24, 2010, Ashkenas announced the release of stable 1.0.0.
== Examples ==
A common JavaScript snippet using the jQuery library is
<lang javascript>
$(document).ready(function() {
// Initialization code goes here
});
</lang>
or even shorter,
<lang javascript>
$(function() {
// Initialization code goes here
});
</lang>
In CoffeeScript, the <code>function</code> keyword is replaced by the <code>-></code> symbol, and indentation is used instead of curly braces (except when defining an [[associative array]]), as in Python. Also, parentheses can usually be omitted. Thus, the CoffeeScript equivalent of the snippet above is
<!-- Ruby is probably the most similar language that GeSHi supports -->
<lang ruby>
$(document).ready ->
# Initialization code goes here
</lang>
or
<lang ruby>
$ ->
# Initialization code goes here
</lang>
== Compiling ==
The CoffeeScript compiler has been written in CoffeeScript since version 0.5, and can be run either in the browser or through Node.js. The official site at CoffeeScript.org has a "Try CoffeeScript" button in the menu bar; clicking it opens a modal window in which you can enter CoffeeScript, see the JavaScript output, and run it directly in the browser.
== Citations ==
# Github. "[http://github.com/repositories Interesting Repositories]", Github, Nov 10, 2010.
# Carson, Ryan. "[http://thinkvitamin.com/mobile/new-rails-like-framework-from-37signals-for-html5-mobile-apps/ New Rails-like Framework from 37signals for HTML5 Mobile Apps]", Think Vitamin blog, Nov 8, 2010.
# Hagenburger, Nico. "[http://www.hagenburger.net/TALKS/rails-3.1-frontend-performance.html Rails 3.1 – A Sneak Preview]", presentation for [http://railscamp-hamburg.de/ Railscamp Hamburg] on Oct 23, 2010.
# Ashkenas, Jeremy. "[http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/issues/830 The Plan for 1.0]", Github issue tracker, Nov 4, 2010.
== External links ==
* [http://coffeescript.org CoffeeScript.org] - Official site]
* [http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/ GitHub repository]
* [http://twitter.com/coffeescript @CoffeeScript] - Twitter feed
* [[wp:coffeescript|Wikipedia Entry]]
[[Category:JavaScript programming language family]]

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{{language|Erlang
|exec=bytecode
|strength=strong
|safety=safe
|express=implicit
|checking=dynamic
|gc=yes
|LCT=yes}}
{{language programming paradigm|functional}}
{{language programming paradigm|concurrent}}
{{language programming paradigm|distributed}}
{{language programming paradigm|declarative}}
{{language programming paradigm|imperative}}
Erlang is a programming language which has many features more commonly associated with an [[OS|operating system]] than with a programming language: concurrent [[process|processes]], scheduling, [[garbage collection|memory management]], distribution, networking, etc.

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{{language|Forth
|gc=no
|untyped=yes
|LCT=yes}}
{{language programming paradigm|concatenative}}
{{language programming paradigm|imperative}}
'''Forth''', a [[procedural programming|procedural]], [[stack]]-oriented and [[reflective programming]] language without type checking, Forth features both interactive execution of commands (making it suitable as a shell for systems that lack a more formal [[:Category:Operating_Systems|operating system]]) and the ability to compile sequences of commands for later execution. Some Forth versions (especially early ones) compile threaded code, but many implementations today generate optimized machine code like other language compilers.
Where not otherwise specified, examples conform to the 1994 [[ANSI]] Standard, also known as '''ANS Forth'''. Most Forth implementations now conform to this standard, often with system-specific extensions and convenience libraries. Some examples use words that are not in the standard, but which have become accepted as [[Forth common practice|common practice]] since 1994. Standard words should be uppercase, but most Forth systems are case-insensitive.
==Citations==
* [[wp:Forth_%28programming_language%29|Wikipedia:Forth (programming language)]]
* [http://www.forthfreak.net/dpans/dpansf.htm Index to the ANS Forth words]

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{{language|Fortran
|strength=strong
|safety=safe
|compat=nominative
|checking=static
|gc=no
|LCT=yes
|bnf=http://fortran.comsci.us/syntax/statement/index.html}}{{language programming paradigm|Imperative}}
Fortran is the oldest programming language still in widespread use. It was given substantial rework in the Fortran 90 standard. By convention, versions before Fortran 90 are spelled with all uppercase letters (e.g. FORTRAN 66, FORTRAN 77), while starting with Fortran 90, the mixed case spelling is used (i.e. Fortran 90, Fortran 95 etc.).
FORTRAN 77, being quite old, lacks almost everything one expects from a modern programming language. It uses a fixed-length line and column oriented line format which was motivated by punch cards. Due to its age, and since FORTRAN compilers generally gave very good performance for numerical code, a lot of code, especially scientific code, was written in FORTRAN. Also, for quite a while there was no free Fortran 90 compiler, which also caused a lot of FORTRAN 77 code to be written even quite some time after Fortran 90 was standardized. Because of the big body of code written in FORTRAN 77 it's still relevant. Indeed, every Fortran compiler still has to accept the old format.
Fortran 90 was a major step in the development of Fortran. It introduced a new free-form source code format, modern programming language features like modules, pointers and user-defined types, an improved type system for built-in types and superiour built-in array handling.
Newer Fortran standards (Fortran 2003 and 2008) added further modern features, like support for object oriented programming, inheritance, and polymorphism.

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{{language|Go
|exec=machine
|safety=safe
|strength=strong
|express=explicit
|checking=static
|parampass=value
|gc=yes
|LCT=yes
|site=http://golang.org/}}
{{language programming paradigm|concurrent}}
'''Go''' is a new programing language created by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike and Ken Thompson at Google.
Not to be confused with [[:Category:Go!|Go!]]
==Links==
* [http://go-lang.cat-v.org/ Go Language Resources]
* [http://tour.golang.org/ Go Tutorial]
;Stable version
* [http://golang.org/doc/go1.html Go 1 Release Notes]
* [http://golang.org/ref/spec Go language specification]
* [http://golang.org/pkg/ Go standard library documentation]
;Weekly version
* [http://weekly.golang.org/ref/spec Go language specification]
* [http://weekly.golang.org/pkg/ Go standard library documentation]

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