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'''[[wp:Modular arithmetic|Modular arithmetic]]''' is a form of arithmetic (a calculation technique involving the concepts of addition and multiplication) which is done on numbers with a defined [[wp:equivalence relation|equivalence relation]] called ''congruence''.
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For any positive integer <math>p</math> called the ''congruence modulus'',
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two numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are said to be ''congruent modulo p'' whenever there exists an integer <math>k</math> such that:
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:<math>a = b + k\,p</math>
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For any positive integer <math>m</math> called the ''congruence modulus'',
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two numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are said to be ''congruent modulo m'' whenever there exists an integer <math>k</math> such that:
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:<math>a = b + k\,m</math>
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The corresponding set of [[wp:equivalence class|equivalence class]]es forms a [[wp:ring (mathematics)|ring]] denoted <math>\frac{\Z}{p\Z}</math>. When p is a prime number, this ring becomes a [[wp:field (mathematics)|field]] denoted <math>\mathbb{F}_p</math>, but you won't have to implement the [[wp:multiplicative inverse|multiplicative inverse]] for this task.
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The corresponding set of [[wp:equivalence class|equivalence class]]es forms a [[wp:ring (mathematics)|ring]] denoted <math>\Z/m\Z</math>. When <math>q=p^k \,(k>0)</math> is a prime power, the ring <math>\Z/q\Z</math> becomes a [[wp:Finite field|finite field]], usually denoted <math>\mathbb{F}_q</math> or <math>\mathrm{GF}(q)</math>, but you won't have to implement the [[wp:multiplicative inverse|multiplicative inverse]] for this task.
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Addition and multiplication on this ring have the same algebraic structure as in usual arithmetic, so that a function such as a polynomial expression could receive a ring element as argument and give a consistent result.
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@ -22,3 +22,4 @@ In other words, the function is an algebraic expression that could be used with
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;Related tasks:
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[[Modular exponentiation]]
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<br><br>
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