all tasks

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/0DESCRIPTION

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+The task is to demonstrate how to remove the first and last characters from a string. The solution should demonstrate how to obtain the following results:
+
+* String with first character removed
+* String with last character removed
+* String with both the first and last characters removed
+
+If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters.

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/1META.yaml

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+---
+category:
+- String manipulation

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/ACL2/substring-top-and-tail.acl2

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+(defun str-rest (str)
+   (coerce (rest (coerce str 'list)) 'string))
+
+(defun rdc (xs)
+   (if (endp (rest xs))
+       nil
+       (cons (first xs)
+             (rdc (rest xs)))))
+
+(defun str-rdc (str)
+   (coerce (rdc (coerce str 'list)) 'string))
+
+(str-rdc "string")
+(str-rest "string")
+(str-rest (str-rdc "string"))

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/ALGOL-68/substring-top-and-tail.alg

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
+
+STRING str="upraisers";
+printf(($gl$,
+  str,                      # remove no characters #
+  str[LWB str+1:         ], # remove the first character #
+  str[         :UPB str-1], # remove the last character #
+  str[LWB str+1:UPB str-1], # remove both the first and last character #
+  str[LWB str+2:         ], # remove the first 2 characters #
+  str[         :UPB str-2], # remove the last 2 characters #
+  str[LWB str+1:UPB str-2], # remove 1 before and 2 after #
+  str[LWB str+2:UPB str-1], # remove 2 before and one after #
+  str[LWB str+2:UPB str-2]  # remove both the first and last 2 characters #
+))

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/AWK/substring-top-and-tail.awk

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+BEGIN {
+  mystring="knights"
+  print substr(mystring,2)                       # remove the first letter
+  print substr(mystring,1,length(mystring)-1)    # remove the last character
+  print substr(mystring,2,length(mystring)-2)    # remove both the first and last character
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Ada/substring-top-and-tail.ada

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+with Ada.Text_IO;
+
+procedure Remove_Characters is
+   S: String := "upraisers";
+   use Ada.Text_IO;
+begin
+   Put_Line("Full String:   """ & S & """");
+   Put_Line("Without_First: """ & S(S'First+1 .. S'Last) & """");
+   Put_Line("Without_Last:  """ & S(S'First   .. S'Last-1) & """");
+   Put_Line("Without_Both:  """ & S(S'First+1 .. S'Last-1) & """");
+end Remove_Characters;

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/AutoHotkey/substring-top-and-tail.ahk

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+myString := "knights"
+MsgBox % SubStr(MyString, 2)
+MsgBox % SubStr(MyString, 1, StrLen(MyString)-1)
+MsgBox % SubStr(MyString, 2, StrLen(MyString)-2)

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/BASIC/substring-top-and-tail.basic

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+10 PRINT FN F$("KNIGHTS"): REM STRIP THE FIRST LETTER
+20 PRINT FN L$("SOCKS"): REM STRIP THE LAST LETTER
+30 PRINT FN B$("BROOMS"): REM STRIP BOTH THE FIRST AND LAST LETTER
+100 END
+
+9000 DEF FN F$(A$)=RIGHT$(A$,LEN(A$)-1)
+9010 DEF FN L$(A$)=LEFT$(A$,LEN(A$)-1)
+9020 DEF FN B$(A$)=FN L$(FN F$(A$))

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/BBC-BASIC/substring-top-and-tail.bbc

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+      s$ = "Rosetta Code"
+      PRINT MID$(s$, 2)
+      PRINT LEFT$(s$)
+      PRINT LEFT$(MID$(s$, 2))

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Bracmat/substring-top-and-tail-1.bracmat

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+(substringUTF-8=
+  @( Δημοτική
+   : (%?a&utf$!a) ?"String with first character removed"
+   )
+& @( Δημοτική
+   : ?"String with last character removed" (?z&utf$!z)
+   )
+& @( Δημοτική
+   :   (%?a&utf$!a)
+       ?"String with both the first and last characters removed"
+       (?z&utf$!z)
+   )
+&   out
+  $ ("String with first character removed:" !"String with first character removed")
+&   out
+  $ ("String with last character removed:" !"String with last character removed")
+&   out
+  $ ( "String with both the first and last characters removed:"
+      !"String with both the first and last characters removed"
+    ));

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Bracmat/substring-top-and-tail-2.bracmat

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+(substring-8-bit=
+  @("8-bit string":%@ ?"String with first character removed")
+& @("8-bit string":?"String with last character removed" @)
+& @( "8-bit string"
+   : %@ ?"String with both the first and last characters removed" @
+   )
+&   out
+  $ ("String with first character removed:" !"String with first character removed")
+&   out
+  $ ("String with last character removed:" !"String with last character removed")
+&   out
+  $ ( "String with both the first and last characters removed:"
+      !"String with both the first and last characters removed"
+    ));

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/C++/substring-top-and-tail.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main( ) {
+   std::string word( "Premier League" ) ;
+   std::cout << "Without first letter: " << word.substr( 1 ) << " !\n" ;
+   std::cout << "Without last letter: " << word.substr( 0 , word.length( ) - 1 ) << " !\n" ;
+   std::cout << "Without first and last letter: " << word.substr( 1 , word.length( ) - 2 ) << " !\n" ;
+   return 0 ;
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/C-sharp/substring-top-and-tail.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using System;
+
+class Program
+{
+    static void Main(string[] args)
+    {
+        string testString = "test";
+        Console.WriteLine(testString.Substring(1));
+        Console.WriteLine(testString.Substring(0, testString.Length - 1));
+        Console.WriteLine(testString.Substring(1, testString.Length - 2));
+    }
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/C/substring-top-and-tail.c

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main( int argc, char ** argv ){
+  const char * str_a = "knight";
+  const char * str_b = "socks";
+  const char * str_c = "brooms";
+
+  char * new_a = malloc( strlen( str_a ) - 1 );
+  char * new_b = malloc( strlen( str_b ) - 1 );
+  char * new_c = malloc( strlen( str_c ) - 2 );
+
+  strcpy( new_a, str_a + 1 );
+  strncpy( new_b, str_b, strlen( str_b ) - 1 );
+  strncpy( new_c, str_c + 1, strlen( str_c ) - 2 );
+
+  printf( "%s\n%s\n%s\n", new_a, new_b, new_c );
+
+  free( new_a );
+  free( new_b );
+  free( new_c );
+
+  return 0;
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/D/substring-top-and-tail.d

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import std.stdio;
+
+void main() {
+    // strip first character
+    writeln("knight"[1 .. $]);
+
+    // strip last character
+    writeln("socks"[0 .. $ - 1]);
+
+    // strip both first and last characters
+    writeln("brooms"[1 .. $ - 1]);
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Delphi/substring-top-and-tail.delphi

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+program TopAndTail;
+
+{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
+
+const
+  TEST_STRING = '1234567890';
+begin
+  Writeln(TEST_STRING);                                    // full string
+  Writeln(Copy(TEST_STRING, 2, Length(TEST_STRING)));      // first character removed
+  Writeln(Copy(TEST_STRING, 1, Length(TEST_STRING) - 1));  // last character removed
+  Writeln(Copy(TEST_STRING, 2, Length(TEST_STRING) - 2));  // first and last characters removed
+
+  Readln;
+end.

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Euphoria/substring-top-and-tail.euphoria

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+function strip_first(sequence s)
+    return s[2..$]
+end function
+
+function strip_last(sequence s)
+    return s[1..$-1]
+end function
+
+function strip_both(sequence s)
+    return s[2..$-1]
+end function
+
+puts(1, strip_first("knight"))	-- strip first character
+puts(1, strip_last("write"))	-- strip last character
+puts(1, strip_both("brooms"))	-- strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Forth/substring-top-and-tail.fth

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+: hello ( -- c-addr u )
+  s" Hello" ;
+
+hello 1 /string type     \ => ello
+
+hello 1- type            \ => hell
+
+hello 1 /string 1- type  \ => ell

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Fortran/substring-top-and-tail.f

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+program substring
+
+  character(len=5) :: string
+  string = "Hello"
+
+  write (*,*) string
+  write (*,*) string(2:)
+  write (*,*) string( :len(string)-1)
+  write (*,*) string(2:len(string)-1)
+
+end program substring

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/GW-BASIC/substring-top-and-tail.gw-basic

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+10 A$="knight":B$="socks":C$="brooms"
+20 PRINT MID$(A$,2)
+30 PRINT LEFT$(B$,LEN(B$)-1)
+40 PRINT MID$(C$,2,LEN(C$)-2)

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Go/substring-top-and-tail.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+    "fmt"
+    "unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    // ASCII contents:  Interpreting "characters" as bytes.
+    s := "ASCII"
+    fmt.Println("String:                ", s)
+    fmt.Println("First byte removed:    ", s[1:])
+    fmt.Println("Last byte removed:     ", s[:len(s)-1])
+    fmt.Println("First and last removed:", s[1:len(s)-1])
+    // UTF-8 contents:  "Characters" as runes (unicode code points)
+    u := "Δημοτική"
+    fmt.Println("String:                ", u)
+    _, sizeFirst := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(u)
+    fmt.Println("First rune removed:    ", u[sizeFirst:])
+    _, sizeLast := utf8.DecodeLastRuneInString(u)
+    fmt.Println("Last rune removed:     ", u[:len(u)-sizeLast])
+    fmt.Println("First and last removed:", u[sizeFirst:len(u)-sizeLast])
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Groovy/substring-top-and-tail-1.groovy

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def top  = { it.size() > 1 ? it[0..-2] : '' }
+def tail = { it.size() > 1 ? it[1..-1] : '' }

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Groovy/substring-top-and-tail-2.groovy

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+def testVal = 'upraisers'
+println """
+original: ${testVal}
+top:      ${top(testVal)}
+tail:     ${tail(testVal)}
+top&tail: ${tail(top(testVal))}
+"""

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Haskell/substring-top-and-tail.hs

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+-- We define the functions to return an empty string if the argument is too
+-- short for the particular operation.
+
+remFirst, remLast, remBoth :: String -> String
+
+remFirst "" = ""
+remFirst cs = tail cs
+
+remLast "" = ""
+remLast cs = init cs
+
+remBoth (c:cs) = remLast cs
+remBoth  _     = ""
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = do
+  let s = "Some string."
+  mapM_ (\f -> putStrLn . f $ s) [remFirst, remLast, remBoth]

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Icon/substring-top-and-tail-1.icon

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+procedure main()
+write(s := "knight"," --> ", s[2:0])  # drop 1st char
+write(s := "sock"," --> ", s[1:-1])   # drop last
+write(s := "brooms"," --> ", s[2:-1]) # drop both
+end

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Icon/substring-top-and-tail-2.icon

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+write(s := "knight"," --> ", s[1] := "", s)  # drop 1st char

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/J/substring-top-and-tail.j

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+   }. 'knight'      NB. drop first item
+night
+   }: 'socks'       NB. drop last item
+sock
+   }: }. 'brooms'   NB. drop first and last items
+room

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Java/substring-top-and-tail.java

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+public class RM_chars {
+  public static void main( String[] args ){
+    System.out.println( "knight".substring( 1 ) );
+    System.out.println( "socks".substring( 0, 4 ) );
+    System.out.println( "brooms".substring( 1, 5 ) );
+      // first, do this by selecting a specific substring
+      // to exclude the first and last characters
+
+    System.out.println( "knight".replaceAll( "^.", "" ) );
+    System.out.println( "socks".replaceAll( ".$", "" ) );
+    System.out.println( "brooms".replaceAll( "^.|.$", "" ) );
+      // then do this using a regular expressions
+  }
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/JavaScript/substring-top-and-tail.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+alert("knight".slice(1));       // strip first character
+alert("socks".slice(0, -1));    // strip last character
+alert("brooms".slice(1, -1));   // strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Julia/substring-top-and-tail.julia

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+julia> "My String"[2:end] #without first character
+"y String"
+
+julia> "My String"[1:end-1] #without last character
+"My Strin"
+
+julia> chop("My String") #alternate remove last character
+"My Strin"

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Liberty-BASIC/substring-top-and-tail.liberty

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+string$ = "Rosetta Code"
+Print Mid$(string$, 2)
+Print Left$(string$, (Len(string$) - 1))
+Print Mid$(string$, 2, (Len(string$) - 2))

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Locomotive-Basic/substring-top-and-tail.locomotive

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+10 a$="knight":b$="socks":c$="brooms"
+20 PRINT MID$(a$,2)
+30 PRINT LEFT$(b$,LEN(b$)-1)
+40 PRINT MID$(c$,2,LEN(c$)-2)

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Lua/substring-top-and-tail.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+print (string.sub("knights",2))    -- remove the first character
+print (string.sub("knights",1,-2))    -- remove the last character
+print (string.sub("knights",2,-2))    -- remove the first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/MATLAB/substring-top-and-tail.m

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+    % String with first character removed
+	str(2:end)
+    % String with last character removed
+	str(1:end-1)
+    % String with both the first and last characters removed
+	str(2:end-1)

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Maple/substring-top-and-tail-1.maple

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+> s := "some string":
+> s[2..-1];
+                              "ome string"
+
+> s[1..-2];
+                              "some strin"
+
+> s[2..-2];
+                              "ome strin"

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Maple/substring-top-and-tail-2.maple

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+> substring( s, 2 .. -1 );
+                              "ome string"
+
+> substring( s, 1 .. -2 );
+                              "some strin"
+
+> substring( s, 2 .. -2 );
+                              "ome strin"

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Maple/substring-top-and-tail-3.maple

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+> use StringTools in
+>     SubString( s, 2 .. -1 );
+>     SubString( s, 1 .. -1 );
+>     SubString( s, 2 .. -2 )
+> end use;
+                              "ome string"
+
+                             "some string"
+
+                              "ome strin"

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Mathematica/substring-top-and-tail.math

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+StringDrop["input string",1]
+StringDrop["input string",-1]
+StringTake["input string",{2,-2}]

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Nemerle/substring-top-and-tail.nemerle

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+using System;
+using System.Console;
+
+module RemoveChars
+{
+    Main() : void
+    {
+        def str = "*A string*";
+        def end = str.Remove(str.Length - 1);  // from pos to end
+        def beg = str.Remove(0, 1);            // start pos, # of chars to remove
+        def both = str.Trim(array['*']);       // with Trim() you need to know what char's you're removing
+
+        WriteLine($"$str -> $beg -> $end -> $both");
+    }
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/OCaml/substring-top-and-tail.ocaml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+let strip_first_char str =
+  if str = "" then "" else
+  String.sub str 1 ((String.length str) - 1)
+
+let strip_last_char str =
+  if str = "" then "" else
+  String.sub str 0 ((String.length str) - 1)
+
+let strip_both_chars str =
+  match String.length str with
+  | 0 | 1 | 2 -> ""
+  | len -> String.sub str 1 (len - 2)
+
+let () =
+  print_endline (strip_first_char "knight");
+  print_endline (strip_last_char "socks");
+  print_endline (strip_both_chars "brooms");
+;;

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Objeck/substring-top-and-tail.objeck

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+bundle Default {
+   class TopTail {
+      function : Main(args : System.String[]) ~ Nil {
+         string := "test";
+         string->SubString(1, string->Size() - 1)->PrintLine();
+         string->SubString(string->Size() - 1)->PrintLine();
+         string->SubString(1, string->Size() - 2)->PrintLine();
+      }
+   }
+}

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/PARI-GP/substring-top-and-tail.pari

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+df(s)=concat(vecextract(Vec(s),1<<#s-2));
+dl(s)=concat(vecextract(Vec(s),1<<(#s-1)-1));
+db(s)=concat(vecextract(Vec(s),1<<(#s-1)-2));

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/PHP/substring-top-and-tail.php

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<?php
+echo substr("knight", 1), "\n";       // strip first character
+echo substr("socks", 0, -1), "\n";    // strip last character
+echo substr("brooms", 1, -1), "\n";   // strip both first and last characters
+?>

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/PL-I/substring-top-and-tail.pli

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+declare s character (100) varying;
+s = 'now is the time to come to the aid of the party';
+if length(s) <= 2 then stop;
+put skip list ('First character removed=' || substr(s,2) );
+put skip list ('Last character removed='  || substr(s, 1, length(s)-1) );
+put skip list ('One character from each end removed=' ||
+   substr(s, 2, length(s)-2) );

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Perl-6/substring-top-and-tail-1.pl6

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+say substr('knight', 1);       # strip first character - sub
+say 'knight'.substr(1);        # strip first character - method
+
+say substr('socks', 0, -1);    # strip last character - sub
+say 'socks'.substr( 0, -1);    # strip last character - method
+
+say substr('brooms', 1, -1);   # strip both first and last characters - sub
+say 'brooms'.substr(1, -1);    # strip both first and last characters - method

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Perl-6/substring-top-and-tail-2.pl6

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+my $string = 'ouch';
+say $string.chop;   # ouc - does not modify original $string
+say $string;        # ouch
+say $string.p5chop; # h   - returns the character chopped off and modifies $string
+say $string;        # ouc

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Perl/substring-top-and-tail-1.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+print substr("knight",1), "\n";        # strip first character
+print substr("socks", 0, -1), "\n";    # strip last character
+print substr("brooms", 1, -1), "\n";   # strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Perl/substring-top-and-tail-2.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+$string = 'ouch';
+$bits = chop($string);       # The last letter is returned by the chop function
+print $bits;        # h
+print $string;      # ouc    # See we really did chop the last letter off

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/PicoLisp/substring-top-and-tail.l

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+: (pack (cdr (chop "knight")))         # Remove first character
+-> "night"
+
+: (pack (head -1 (chop "socks")))      # Remove last character
+-> "sock"
+
+: (pack (cddr (rot (chop "brooms"))))  # Remove first and last characters
+-> "room"

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Prolog/substring-top-and-tail.pro

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+remove_first_last_chars :-
+	L = "Rosetta",
+	L = [_|L1],
+	remove_last(L, L2),
+	remove_last(L1, L3),
+	writef('Original string		 : %s\n', [L]),
+	writef('Without first char       : %s\n', [L1]),
+	writef('Without last char        : %s\n', [L2]),
+	writef('Without first/last chars : %s\n', [L3]).
+
+remove_last(L, LR) :-
+	reverse(L, [_ | L1]),
+	reverse(L1, LR).

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/PureBasic/substring-top-and-tail.purebasic

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+If OpenConsole()
+  PrintN(Right("knight", Len("knight") - 1))  ;strip the first letter
+  PrintN(Left("socks", Len("socks")- 1))      ;strip the last letter
+  PrintN(Mid("brooms", 2, Len("brooms") - 2)) ;strip both the first and last letter
+
+  Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit"): Input()
+  CloseConsole()
+EndIf

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Python/substring-top-and-tail.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+print "knight"[1:]     # strip first character
+print "socks"[:-1]     # strip last character
+print "brooms"[1:-1]   # strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/REXX/substring-top-and-tail.rexx

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*REXX program to show removal of 1st/last/1st&last chars from a string.*/
+
+z = 'abcdefghijk'
+
+say '                  the original string =' z
+say 'string first        character removed =' substr(z,2)
+say 'string         last character removed =' left(z,length(z)-1)
+say 'string first & last character removed =' substr(z,2,length(z)-2)
+exit
+        /* ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+           │ however, the original string may be null,     │
+           │ or of insufficient length which may cause the │
+           │ BIFs to fail  (because of negative length).   │
+           └───────────────────────────────────────────────┘ */
+
+say '                  the original string =' z
+say 'string first        character removed =' substr(z,2)
+say 'string         last character removed =' left(z,max(0,length(z)-1))
+say 'string first & last character removed =' substr(z,2,max(0,length(z)-2))
+                            /*stick a fork in it,we're done.*/

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Racket/substring-top-and-tail.rkt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(define str "ストリング")
+
+(substring str 1)
+(substring str 0 (sub1 (string-length str)))
+(substring str 1 (sub1 (string-length str)))

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Ruby/substring-top-and-tail.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+puts "knight"[1..-1]   # strip first character
+puts "socks"[0..-2]    # strip last character
+puts "socks".chop      # alternate way to strip last character
+puts "brooms"[1..-2]   # strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Run-BASIC/substring-top-and-tail.run

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+s$  = "Run BASIC"
+print mid$(s$,2)             'strip first
+print left$(s$,len(s$) -1)   'strip last
+print mid$(s$,2,len(s$) -2)  'strip first and last

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/SNOBOL4/substring-top-and-tail.sno

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+     "knight" len(1) rem . output       ;* strip first character
+     "socks" rtab(1) . output           ;* strip last character
+     "brooms" len(1) rtab(1) . output   ;* strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Scala/substring-top-and-tail.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+println("knight" tail)               // strip first character
+println("socks" dropRight 1)         // strip last character
+println("brooms".tail dropRight 1)   // strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Seed7/substring-top-and-tail.seed7

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
+
+const proc: main is func
+  local
+    const string: stri is "upraisers";
+  begin
+    writeln("Full string:   " <& stri);
+    writeln("Without first: " <& stri[2 ..]);
+    writeln("Without last:  " <& stri[.. pred(length(stri))]);
+    writeln("Without both:  " <& stri[2 .. pred(length(stri))]);
+  end func;

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/TUSCRIPT/substring-top-and-tail.tuscript

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+$$ MODE TUSCRIPT
+str="upraisers"
+str1=EXTRACT (str,2,0)
+str2=EXTRACT (str,0,-1)
+str3=EXTRACT (str,2,-1)
+PRINT str
+PRINT str1
+PRINT str2
+PRINT str3

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Tcl/substring-top-and-tail.tcl

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+puts [string range "knight" 1 end];		# strip first character
+puts [string range "write" 0 end-1];		# strip last character
+puts [string range "brooms" 1 end-1];		# strip both first and last characters

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/UNIX-Shell/substring-top-and-tail.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/zsh
+str='abcdefg'
+echo ${str#?}   # Remove first char
+echo ${str%?}   # Remove last char
+echo ${${str#?}%?}   # Remove first & last chars

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/Vala/substring-top-and-tail.vala

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// declare test string
+string s = "Hello, world!";
+// remove first letter
+string s_first = s[1:s.length];
+//remove last letter
+string s_last = s[0:s.length - 1];
+// remove first and last letters
+string s_first_last = s[1:s.length - 1];

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/XPL0/substring-top-and-tail.xpl0

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+include c:\cxpl\stdlib;
+char S, P;
+[S:= "Smiles";
+Text(0, S+1);           \first character removed
+CrLf(0);
+P:= S + StrLen(S) - 2;  \point to last character in string
+P(0):= P(0) ! $80;      \set the MSb on the last character
+Text(0, S);             \last character removed
+CrLf(0);
+Text(0, S+1);           \first and last characters removed
+CrLf(0);
+]

Task/Substring-Top-and-tail/ZX-Spectrum-Basic/substring-top-and-tail.zx

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+10 PRINT FN f$("knight"): REM strip the first letter
+20 PRINT FN l$("socks"): REM strip the last letter
+30 PRINT FN b$("brooms"): REM strip both the first and last letter
+100 STOP
+
+9000 DEF FN f$(a$)=a$(2 TO LEN(a$))
+9010 DEF FN l$(a$)=a$(1 TO LEN(a$)-(1 AND (LEN(a$)>=1)))
+9020 DEF FN b$(a$)=FN l$(FN f$(a$))