Data commit

Task/Call-a-function/00-META.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+category:
+- Functions and subroutines
+- Simple
+from: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Call_a_function

Task/Call-a-function/00-TASK.txt

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+;Task:
+Demonstrate the different syntax and semantics provided for calling a function. 
+
+
+This may include:
+:*   Calling a function that requires no arguments
+:*   Calling a function with a fixed number of arguments
+:*   Calling a function with [[Optional parameters|optional arguments]]
+:*   Calling a function with a [[Variadic function|variable number of arguments]]
+:*   Calling a function with [[Named parameters|named arguments]]
+:*   Using a function in statement context
+:*   Using a function in [[First-class functions|first-class context]] within an expression
+:*   Obtaining the return value of a function
+:*   Distinguishing built-in functions and user-defined functions
+:*   Distinguishing subroutines and functions
+;*   Stating whether arguments are [[:Category:Parameter passing|passed]] by value or by reference
+;*   Is partial application possible and how
+
+<br>
+This task is ''not'' about [[Function definition|defining functions]].
+<br><bR>

Task/Call-a-function/11l/call-a-function.11l

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+F no_args() {}
+// call
+no_args()
+
+F fixed_args(x, y)
+   print(‘x=#., y=#.’.format(x, y))
+// call
+fixed_args(1, 2) // x=1, y=2
+
+// named arguments
+fixed_args(x' 1, y' 2)
+
+F opt_args(x = 1)
+   print(x)
+// calls
+opt_args()      // 1
+opt_args(3.141) // 3.141

Task/Call-a-function/360-Assembly/call-a-function-1.360

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+X        DS     F
+Y        DS     F
+Z        DS     F

Task/Call-a-function/360-Assembly/call-a-function-2.360

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+         L      R15,=V(MULTPLIC)
+         LA     R1,PARMLIST        address of the paramter list
+         BALR   R14,R15            branch and link
+         ST     R0,Z               Z=MULTPLIC(X,Y)
+* ...
+PARMLIST DC     A(X)
+         DC     A(Y)

Task/Call-a-function/360-Assembly/call-a-function-3.360

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+         CALL   MULTPLIC,(X,Y)     call MULTPLIC(X,Y)
+         ST     R0,Z               Z=MULTPLIC(X,Y)

Task/Call-a-function/360-Assembly/call-a-function-4.360

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+         LOAD   EP=MULTPLIC        load load-module
+         LR     R15,R0             retrieve entry address
+         CALL   (R15),(X,Y)        call MULTPLIC(X,Y)
+         ST     R0,Z               Z=MULTPLIC(X,Y)

Task/Call-a-function/6502-Assembly/call-a-function-1.6502

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+JSR myFunction

Task/Call-a-function/6502-Assembly/call-a-function-2.6502

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+sum:
+;adds the values in zero page address $00 and $01, outputs to accumulator.
+LDA $00 ;load the byte stored at memory address $0000
+CLC
+ADC $01  ;add the byte at memory address $0001
+RTS      ;return

Task/Call-a-function/68000-Assembly/call-a-function.68000

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+JSR myFunction

Task/Call-a-function/8086-Assembly/call-a-function-1.8086

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+call foo

Task/Call-a-function/8086-Assembly/call-a-function-2.8086

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+push ax ;second argument
+push bx ;first argument - typically arguments are pushed in the reverse order they are listed.
+call foo
+pop bx
+pop ax
+
+foo:
+push bp
+mov bp,sp
+;now bp+4 = the value pushed from BX, and bp+6 = the value pushed from AX

Task/Call-a-function/8086-Assembly/call-a-function-3.8086

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+foo:
+ld ax,word ptr[ds:bar] ;load from bar, which is a 16 bit storage location in the data segment (DS), into AX

Task/Call-a-function/8086-Assembly/call-a-function-4.8086

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mov AH,4Ch
+mov AL,00h
+int 21h

Task/Call-a-function/AArch64-Assembly/call-a-function.aarch64

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/* ARM assembly AARCH64 Raspberry PI 3B */
+/*  program callfonct.s   */
+
+/*******************************************/
+/* Constantes file                         */
+/*******************************************/
+/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly*/
+.include "../includeConstantesARM64.inc"
+
+/***********************/
+/* Initialized data */
+/***********************/
+.data
+szMessage:      .asciz "Hello. \n"       // message
+szRetourLigne:  .asciz "\n"
+szMessResult:   .asciz "Resultat : "      // message result
+
+/***********************/
+/* No Initialized data */
+/***********************/
+.bss
+sZoneConv:  .skip  100
+
+.text
+.global main
+main:
+    ldr x0,=szMessage           // adresse of message  short program
+    bl affichageMess            // call function with 1 parameter (x0)
+
+                                // call function with parameters in register
+    mov x0,#5
+    mov x1,#10
+    bl fonction1                // call function with 2 parameters (x0,x1)
+    ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv        // result in x0
+    bl conversion10S            // call function with 2 parameter (x0,x1)
+    ldr x0,=szMessResult
+    bl affichageMess            // call function with 1 parameter (x0)
+    ldr x0,qAdrsZoneConv
+    bl affichageMess
+    ldr x0,qAdrszRetourLigne
+    bl affichageMess
+                                // call function with parameters on stack
+    mov x0,#5
+    mov x1,#10
+    stp x0,x1,[sp,-16]!         // store  registers on stack
+    bl fonction2                // call function with 2 parameters on the stack
+                                // result in x0
+    ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv
+    bl conversion10S            // call function with 2 parameter (x0,x1)
+    ldr x0,=szMessResult
+    bl affichageMess            // call function with 1 parameter (x0)
+    ldr x0,qAdrsZoneConv
+    bl affichageMess
+    ldr x0,qAdrszRetourLigne
+    bl affichageMess
+                                // end of  program
+    mov x0, #0                  // return code
+    mov x8, #EXIT               // request to exit program
+    svc 0                       // perform the system call
+qAdrsZoneConv:              .quad sZoneConv
+qAdrszRetourLigne:          .quad szRetourLigne
+/******************************************************************/
+/*     call function parameter in register             */
+/******************************************************************/
+/* x0 value one */
+/* x1 value two */
+/* return in x0 */
+fonction1:
+    stp x2,lr,[sp,-16]!        // save  registers
+    mov x2,#20
+    mul x0,x0,x2
+    add x0,x0,x1
+    ldp x2,lr,[sp],16          // restaur  2 registres
+    ret                        // retour adresse lr x30
+
+/******************************************************************/
+/*     call function parameter in the stack             */
+/******************************************************************/
+/* return in x0 */
+fonction2:
+    stp fp,lr,[sp,-16]!        // save  registers
+    add fp,sp,#16              // address parameters in the stack
+    stp x1,x2,[sp,-16]!        // save  others registers
+    ldr x0,[fp]                // second paraméter
+    ldr x1,[fp,#8]             // first parameter
+    mov x2,#-20
+    mul x0,x0,x2
+    add x0,x0,x1
+    ldp x1,x2,[sp],16          // restaur  2 registres
+    ldp fp,lr,[sp],16          // restaur  2 registres
+    add sp,sp,#16              // very important, for stack aligned
+    ret                        // retour adresse lr x30
+
+
+/********************************************************/
+/*        File Include fonctions                        */
+/********************************************************/
+/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly */
+.include "../includeARM64.inc"

Task/Call-a-function/ALGOL-68/call-a-function.alg

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Note functions and subroutines are called procedures (or PROCs) in Algol 68 #
+# A function called without arguments: #
+f;
+# Algol 68 does not expect an empty parameter list for calls with no arguments, "f()" is a syntax error #
+# A function with a fixed number of arguments: #
+f(1, x);
+
+# variable number of arguments: #
+# functions that accept an array as a parameter can effectively provide variable numbers of arguments #
+# a "literal array" (called a row-display in Algol 68) can be passed, as is often the case for the I/O #
+# functions - e.g.: #
+print( ( "the result is: ", r, " after ", n, " iterations", newline ) );
+# the outer brackets indicate the parameters of print, the inner brackets indicates the contents are a "literal array" #
+
+# ALGOL 68 does not support optional arguments, though in some cases an empty array could be passed to a function #
+# expecting an array, e.g.: #
+f( () );
+
+# named arguments - see the Algol 68 sample in: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Named_parameters #
+
+# In "Talk:Call a function" a statement context is explained as
+"The function is used as an instruction (with a void context),
+rather than used within an expression."
+Based on that, the examples above are already in a statement context.
+Technically, when a function that returns other than VOID (i.e. is not a subroutine)
+is called in a statement context, the result of the call is "voided" i.e. discarded.
+If desired, this can be made explicit using a cast, e.g.: #
+VOID(f);
+
+# A function's return value being used: #
+x := f(y);
+
+# There is no distinction between built-in functions and user-defined functions. #
+
+# A subroutine is simply a function that returns VOID. #
+
+# If the function is declared with argument(s) of mode REF MODE,
+then those arguments are being passed by reference. #
+# Technically, all parameters are passed by value, however the value of a REF MODE is a reference... #

Task/Call-a-function/ALGOL-W/call-a-function.alg

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+% Note, in Algol W, functions are called procedures %
+% calling a function with no parameters: %
+f;
+
+% calling a function with a fixed number of parameters %
+g( 1, 2.3, "4" );
+
+% Algol W does not support optional parameters in general, however constructors for records can %
+% be called wither with parameters (one for each field in the record) or no parameters #
+
+% Algol W does not support variable numbers of parameters, except for the built-in I/O functions #
+% Algol W does not support named arguments %
+
+% A function can be used in a statement context by calling it, as in the examples above %
+
+% First class context: A function can be passed as a parameter to another procedure, e.g.: %
+v := integrate( sin, 0, 1 )
+% assuming a suitable definition of integrate %
+% Algol W does not support functions returning functions %
+
+% obtaining the return value of a function: e.g.: %
+v := g( x, y, z );
+
+% There is no syntactic distinction between user-defined and built-in functions %
+
+% Subroutines and functions are both procedures, a subroutine is a procedure with no return type %
+% (called a proper procedure in Algol W) %
+% There is no syntactic distinction between a call to a function and a call to a subroutine %
+% other than the context %
+
+% In Algol W, parameters are passed by value, result or value result. This must be stated in the %
+% definition of the function/subroutine. Value parameters are passed by value, result and value result %
+% are effectively passed by reference and assigned on function exit. Result parameters are "out" parameters %
+% and value result parameters are "in out". %
+% Algol W also has "name" parameters (not to be confused with named parameters). Functions with name %
+% parameters are somewhat like macros %
+
+% Partial application is not possible in Algol W %

Task/Call-a-function/ANT/call-a-function-1.ant

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+2*2+9

Task/Call-a-function/ANT/call-a-function-2.ant

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+*[2;+[2;9]]
+echo["Hello!"]
+time[]

Task/Call-a-function/ARM-Assembly/call-a-function.arm

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI  */
+/*  program callfonct.s   */
+
+/* Constantes    */
+.equ STDOUT, 1
+.equ WRITE,  4
+.equ EXIT,   1
+
+/***********************/
+/* Initialized data */
+/***********************/
+.data
+szMessage:      .asciz "Hello. \n"       @ message
+szRetourLigne: .asciz "\n"
+szMessResult:  .ascii "Resultat : "      @ message result
+sMessValeur:   .fill 12, 1, ' '
+                   .asciz "\n"
+/***********************/				
+/* No Initialized data */
+/***********************/
+.bss
+iValeur:  .skip  4     @ reserve 4 bytes in memory
+
+.text
+.global main
+main:
+    ldr r0,=szMessage          @ adresse of message  short program
+    bl affichageMess            @ call function with 1 parameter (r0)
+
+    @ call function with parameters in register
+    mov r0,#5
+    mov r1,#10
+    bl fonction1            @ call function with 2 parameters (r0,r1)
+    ldr r1,=sMessValeur                           @ result in r0
+    bl conversion10S       @ call function with 2 parameter (r0,r1)
+    ldr r0,=szMessResult
+    bl affichageMess            @ call function with 1 parameter (r0)
+
+    @ call function with parameters on stack
+    mov r0,#5
+    mov r1,#10
+    push {r0,r1}
+    bl fonction2            @ call function with 2 parameters on the stack
+                              @ result in r0
+    ldr r1,=sMessValeur
+    bl conversion10S       @ call function with 2 parameter (r0,r1)
+    ldr r0,=szMessResult
+    bl affichageMess            @ call function with 1 parameter (r0)
+
+
+ /* end of  program */
+    mov r0, #0                  @ return code
+    mov r7, #EXIT              @ request to exit program
+    swi 0                       @ perform the system call
+
+/******************************************************************/
+/*     call function parameter in register             */
+/******************************************************************/
+/* r0 value one */
+/* r1 value two */
+/* return in r0 */
+fonction1:
+    push {fp,lr}    /* save des  2 registres */
+    push {r1,r2}    /* save des autres registres */
+    mov r2,#20
+    mul r0,r2
+    add r0,r0,r1
+    pop {r1,r2}     /* restaur des autres registres */
+    pop {fp,lr}    /* restaur des  2 registres */
+    bx lr           /* retour procedure */	
+
+/******************************************************************/
+/*     call function parameter in the stack             */
+/******************************************************************/
+/* return in r0 */
+fonction2:
+    push {fp,lr}    /* save des  2 registres */
+    add fp,sp,#8    /* address parameters in the stack*/
+    push {r1,r2}    /* save des autres registres */
+    ldr r0,[fp]
+    ldr r1,[fp,#4]
+    mov r2,#-20
+    mul r0,r2
+    add r0,r0,r1
+    pop {r1,r2}     /* restaur des autres registres */
+    pop {fp,lr}    /* restaur des  2 registres */
+    add sp,#8      /* very important, for stack aligned */
+    bx lr          /* retour procedure */	
+
+/******************************************************************/
+/*     affichage des messages   avec calcul longueur              */
+/******************************************************************/
+/* r0 contient l adresse du message */
+affichageMess:
+    push {fp,lr}    /* save des  2 registres */
+    push {r0,r1,r2,r7}    /* save des autres registres */
+    mov r2,#0   /* compteur longueur */
+1:       /*calcul de la longueur */
+    ldrb r1,[r0,r2]  /* recup octet position debut + indice */
+    cmp r1,#0       /* si 0 c est fini */
+    beq 1f
+    add r2,r2,#1   /* sinon on ajoute 1 */
+    b 1b
+1:  /* donc ici r2 contient la longueur du message */
+    mov r1,r0        /* adresse du message en r1 */
+    mov r0,#STDOUT      /* code pour écrire sur la sortie standard Linux */
+    mov r7, #WRITE                  /* code de l appel systeme 'write' */
+    swi #0                      /* appel systeme */
+    pop {r0,r1,r2,r7}     /* restaur des autres registres */
+    pop {fp,lr}    /* restaur des  2 registres */
+    bx lr	        /* retour procedure */	
+/***************************************************/
+/*   conversion registre en décimal   signé  */
+/***************************************************/
+/* r0 contient le registre   */
+/* r1 contient l adresse de la zone de conversion */
+conversion10S:
+    push {fp,lr}    /* save des  2 registres frame et retour */
+    push {r0-r5}   /* save autres registres  */
+    mov r2,r1       /* debut zone stockage */
+    mov r5,#'+'     /* par defaut le signe est + */
+    cmp r0,#0       /* nombre négatif ? */
+    movlt r5,#'-'     /* oui le signe est - */
+    mvnlt r0,r0       /* et inversion en valeur positive */
+    addlt r0,#1
+
+    mov r4,#10   /* longueur de la zone */
+1: /* debut de boucle de conversion */
+    bl divisionpar10 /* division  */
+    add r1,#48        /* ajout de 48 au reste pour conversion ascii */	
+    strb r1,[r2,r4]  /* stockage du byte en début de zone r5 + la position r4 */
+    sub r4,r4,#1      /* position précedente */
+    cmp r0,#0
+    bne 1b	       /* boucle si quotient different de zéro */
+    strb r5,[r2,r4]  /* stockage du signe à la position courante */
+    subs r4,r4,#1   /* position précedente */
+    blt  100f         /* si r4 < 0  fin  */
+    /* sinon il faut completer le debut de la zone avec des blancs */
+    mov r3,#' '   /* caractere espace */	
+2:
+    strb r3,[r2,r4]  /* stockage du byte  */
+    subs r4,r4,#1   /* position précedente */
+    bge 2b        /* boucle si r4 plus grand ou egal a zero */
+100:  /* fin standard de la fonction  */
+    pop {r0-r5}   /*restaur des autres registres */
+    pop {fp,lr}   /* restaur des  2 registres frame et retour  */
+    bx lr
+
+/***************************************************/
+/*   division par 10   signé                       */
+/* Thanks to http://thinkingeek.com/arm-assembler-raspberry-pi/*
+/* and   http://www.hackersdelight.org/            */
+/***************************************************/
+/* r0 contient le dividende   */
+/* r0 retourne le quotient */	
+/* r1 retourne le reste  */
+divisionpar10:	
+  /* r0 contains the argument to be divided by 10 */
+   push {r2-r4}   /* save autres registres  */
+   mov r4,r0
+   ldr r3, .Ls_magic_number_10 /* r1 <- magic_number */
+   smull r1, r2, r3, r0   /* r1 <- Lower32Bits(r1*r0). r2 <- Upper32Bits(r1*r0) */
+   mov r2, r2, ASR #2     /* r2 <- r2 >> 2 */
+   mov r1, r0, LSR #31    /* r1 <- r0 >> 31 */
+   add r0, r2, r1         /* r0 <- r2 + r1 */
+   add r2,r0,r0, lsl #2   /* r2 <- r0 * 5 */
+   sub r1,r4,r2, lsl #1   /* r1 <- r4 - (r2 * 2)  = r4 - (r0 * 10) */
+   pop {r2-r4}
+   bx lr                  /* leave function */
+   .align 4
+.Ls_magic_number_10: .word 0x66666667

Task/Call-a-function/AWK/call-a-function.awk

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+BEGIN {
+  sayhello()       # Call a function with no parameters in statement context
+  b=squareit(3)    # Obtain the return value from a function with a single parameter in first class context
+}

Task/Call-a-function/ActionScript/call-a-function.as

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+  myfunction();       /* function with no arguments in statement context */
+  myfunction(6,b);    // function with two arguments in statement context
+  stringit("apples");    //function with a string argument

Task/Call-a-function/Ada/call-a-function-1.ada

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+S: String := Ada.Text_IO.Get_Line;

Task/Call-a-function/Ada/call-a-function-2.ada

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+function F(X: Integer; Y: Integer := 0) return Integer; -- Y is optional
+...
+A : Integer := F(12);
+B : Integer := F(12, 0); -- the same as A
+C : Integer := F(12, 1); -- something different

Task/Call-a-function/Ada/call-a-function-3.ada

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+type Integer_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Integer;
+function Sum(A: Integer_Array) return Integer is
+   S: Integer := 0;
+begin
+   for I in A'Range loop
+      S := S + A(I);
+   end loop;
+   return S;
+end Sum;
+...
+A := Sum((1,2,3));     -- A = 6
+B := Sum((1,2,3,4));   -- B = 10

Task/Call-a-function/Ada/call-a-function-4.ada

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+function H (Int: Integer;
+            Fun: not null access function (X: Integer; Y: Integer)
+              return Integer);
+           return Integer;
+
+...
+
+X := H(A, F'Access) -- assuming X and A are Integers, and F is a function
+                     -- taking two Integers and returning an Integer.

Task/Call-a-function/Ada/call-a-function-5.ada

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Positional := H(A, F'Access);
+Named      := H(Int => A, Fun => F'Access);
+Mixed      := H(A, Fun=>F'Access);

Task/Call-a-function/Arturo/call-a-function.arturo

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+printHello: $[][
+	print "Hello World!"
+]
+
+sayHello: $[name][
+	print ["Hello" name "!"]
+]
+
+printAll: $[args][
+	loop args [arg][
+		print arg
+	]
+]
+
+getNumber: $[][3]
+
+; Calling a function that requires no arguments
+printHello
+
+; Calling a function with a fixed number of arguments
+sayHello "John"
+
+; Calling a function with a variable number of arguments
+printAll ["one" "two" "three"]
+
+; Using a function in statement context
+if true [printHello]
+print getNumber
+
+; Using a function in first-class context within an expression
+if getNumber=3 [print "yep, it worked"]
+
+; Obtaining the return value of a function:
+num: getNumber
+
+print num

Task/Call-a-function/AutoHotkey/call-a-function.ahk

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+; Call a function without arguments:
+f()
+
+; Call a function with a fixed number of arguments:
+f("string", var, 15.5)
+
+; Call a function with optional arguments:
+f("string", var, 15.5)
+
+; Call a function with a variable number of arguments:
+f("string", var, 15.5)
+
+; Call a function with named arguments:
+    ; AutoHotkey does not have named arguments. However, in v1.1+,
+    ; we can pass an object to the function:
+f({named: "string", otherName: var, thirdName: 15.5})
+
+; Use a function in statement context:
+f(1), f(2) ; What is statement context?
+
+; No first-class functions in AHK
+
+; Obtaining the return value of a function:
+varThatGetsReturnValue := f(1, "a")
+
+; Cannot distinguish built-in functions
+
+; Subroutines are called with GoSub; functions are called as above.
+; Subroutines cannot be passed variables
+
+; Stating whether arguments are passed by value or by reference:
+; [v1.1.01+]: The IsByRef() function can be used to determine
+;     whether the caller supplied a variable for a given ByRef parameter.
+; A variable cannot be passed by value to a byRef parameter. Instead, do this:
+f(tmp := varIdoNotWantChanged)
+; the function f will receive the value of varIdoNotWantChanged, but any
+; modifications will be made to the variable tmp.
+
+; Partial application is impossible.

Task/Call-a-function/Axe/call-a-function-1.axe

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+NOARG()
+ARGS(1,5,42)

Task/Call-a-function/Axe/call-a-function-2.axe

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+OPARG(1,2,3,4,5,6)
+OPARG(1,2,3)
+OPARG()

Task/Call-a-function/Axe/call-a-function-3.axe

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+MATHS(2,4)→A
+Disp GETSTR()

Task/Call-a-function/Axe/call-a-function-4.axe

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+USER()
+axeFunc()

Task/Call-a-function/BASIC256/call-a-function.basic

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+function Copialo$ (txt$, siNo, final$)
+	nuevaCadena$ = ""
+
+	for cont = 1 to siNo
+		nuevaCadena$ += txt$
+	next cont
+
+	return trim(nuevaCadena$) + final$
+end function
+
+subroutine Saludo()
+	print "Hola mundo!"
+end subroutine
+
+subroutine testCadenas (txt$)
+	for cont = 1 to length(txt$)
+		print mid(txt$, cont, 1); "";
+	next cont
+end subroutine
+
+subroutine testNumeros (a, b, c)
+	print a, b, c
+end subroutine
+
+call Saludo()
+print Copialo$("Saludos ", 6, "")
+print Copialo$("Saludos ", 3, "!!")
+print
+call testNumeros(1, 2, 3)
+call testNumeros(1, 2, 0)
+print
+call testCadenas("1, 2, 3, 4, cadena, 6, 7, 8, \#incluye texto\#")
+end

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-1.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PRINT SQR(2)

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-2.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PRINT SQR 2

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-3.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PRINT FN_foo(bar$, baz%)

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-4.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PRINT FN_foo

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-5.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PROC_foo

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-6.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PROC_foo(bar$, baz%, quux)

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-7.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DEF PROC_foo(a$, RETURN b%, RETURN c)

Task/Call-a-function/BBC-BASIC/call-a-function-8.basic

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+200 GOSUB 30050

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-1.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{𝕊 ·: 1 + 1}0

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-10.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+2⊸-

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-2.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+F 1

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-3.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+2 F 1

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-4.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  𝕊 one‿two‿three:
+  one∾two∾three
+}

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-5.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1 {𝕨+𝕩} 2

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-6.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1 + 2

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-7.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+⟨+, -, ∾⟩

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-8.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+var ← Func # insert arg here

Task/Call-a-function/BQN/call-a-function-9.bqn

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
++⟜2

Task/Call-a-function/Batch-File/call-a-function.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+:: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Call_a_function
+:: Demonstrate the different syntax and semantics provided for calling a function.
+
+@echo off
+
+echo Calling myFunction1
+call:myFunction1
+echo.
+
+echo Calling myFunction2 11 8
+call:myFunction2 11 8
+echo.
+
+echo Calling myFunction3 /fi and saving the output into %%filecount%%
+call:myFunction3 /fi
+echo.%filecount%
+echo.
+
+echo Calling myFunction4 1 2 3 4 5
+call:myFunction4 1 2 3 4 5
+echo.
+
+echo Calling myFunction5 "filename=test.file" "filepath=C:\Test Directory\"
+call:myFunction5 "filename=test.file" "filepath=C:\Test Directory\"
+echo.
+echo Calling myFunction5 "filepath=C:\Test Directory\" "filename=test.file"
+call:myFunction5 "filepath=C:\Test Directory\" "filename=test.file"
+echo.
+
+pause>nul
+exit
+
+:: Requires no arguments
+:myFunction1
+	echo myFunction1 has been called.
+	goto:eof
+
+:: Fixed number of arguments (%a% & %b%)
+:myFunction2
+	:: Returns %a% + %b%
+	setlocal
+	set /a c=%~1+%~2
+	endlocal & echo %c%
+	goto:eof
+
+:: Optional arguments
+:myFunction3
+	:: Returns the amount of folders + files in the current directory
+	:: /fi Returns only file count
+	:: /fo Returns only folder count
+	
+	setlocal
+	set count=0
+	
+	if "%~1"=="" set "command=dir /b"
+	if "%~1"=="/fi" set "command=dir /b /A-d"
+	if "%~1"=="/fo" set "command=dir /b /Ad"
+
+	for /f "usebackq" %%i in (`%command%`) do set /a count+=1
+	
+	endlocal & set filecount=%count%
+	goto:eof
+
+:: Variable number of arguments
+:myFunction4
+	:: Returns sum of arguments
+	setlocal
+	:myFunction4loop
+	set sum=0
+	for %%i in (%*) do set /a sum+=%%i
+	endlocal & echo %sum%
+	goto:eof
+
+:: Named Arguments (filepath=[path] & filename=[name])
+:myFunction5
+	:: Returns the complete path based off the 2 arguments
+	if "%~1"=="" then goto:eof
+	setlocal enabledelayedexpansion
+	set "param=%~1"
+	
+	for /l %%i in (1,1,2) do (
+		for /f "tokens=1,2 delims==" %%j in ("!param!") do set %%j=%%k
+		set "param=%~2"
+	)
+	endlocal & echo.%filepath%%filename%
+	goto:eof

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-1.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+aFunctionWithoutArguments$

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-2.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+aFunctionWithoutArguments'

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-3.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+func$!myargument;

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-4.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+(yourfunc=local vars.function body)

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-5.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+('$myfunc:(=?yourfunc))

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-6.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+myfunc$!myarg:?myresult

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-7.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+myfunc$!myarg&yourfunc$!yourarg

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-8.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+`(myfunc$!myarg)&yourfunc$!yourarg

Task/Call-a-function/Bracmat/call-a-function-9.bracmat

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+( ( plus
+  =   a b
+    .     !arg:%?a ?b
+        & !b:
+        & '(.!arg+$a)
+      | !a+!b
+  )
+& out$("1+2, not partial:" plus$(1 2))
+& out$("1+2,     partial:" (plus$1)$2)
+);

Task/Call-a-function/C++/call-a-function-1.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/* function with no arguments */
+foo();

Task/Call-a-function/C++/call-a-function-2.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/* passing arguments by value*/
+/* function with one argument */
+bar(arg1);
+/* function with multiple arguments */
+baz(arg1, arg2);

Task/Call-a-function/C++/call-a-function-3.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/* get return value of a function */
+variable = function(args);

Task/Call-a-function/C++/call-a-function-4.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+/* passing arguments by reference */
+void f(int &y) /* variable is now passed by reference */
+{
+y++;
+}
+int main()
+{
+int x = 0;
+cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl; /* should produce result "x = 0" */
+f(x);                  /* call function f */
+cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl; /* should produce result "x = 1" */
+}

Task/Call-a-function/C-sharp/call-a-function.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/* a function that has no argument */
+	public int MyFunction();
+
+	/* a function with a fixed number of arguments */
+	FunctionWithArguments(4, 3, 2);
+
+	/* a function with optional arguments */
+	public void OptArg();
+
+	public static void Main()
+	{
+		OptArg(1);
+		OptArg(1, 2);
+		OptArg(1, 2, 3);
+	}
+	public void ExampleMethod(int required,
+        string optionalstr = "default string",
+		int optionalint = 10)
+	/* If you know the first and the last parameter */
+	ExampleMethod(3, optionalint: 4);
+
+	/* If you know all the parameter */
+	ExampleMethod(3, "Hello World", 4);
+
+	/* Variable number of arguments use array */
+	public static void UseVariableParameters(params int[] list)
+
+	/* Obtain return value from function */
+	public internal MyFunction();
+	int returnValue = MyFunction();

Task/Call-a-function/C/call-a-function.c

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/* function with no argument */
+f();
+
+/* fix number of arguments */
+g(1, 2, 3);
+
+/* Optional arguments: err...
+   Feel free to make sense of the following.  I can't. */
+int op_arg();
+int main()
+{
+	op_arg(1);
+	op_arg(1, 2);
+	op_arg(1, 2, 3);
+	return 0;
+}
+int op_arg(int a, int b)
+{
+	printf("%d %d %d\n", a, b, (&b)[1]);
+	return a;
+}  /* end of sensible code */
+
+/* Variadic function: how the args list is handled solely depends on the function */
+void h(int a, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap);
+	...
+}
+/* call it as: (if you feed it something it doesn't expect, don't count on it working) */
+h(1, 2, 3, 4, "abcd", (void*)0);
+
+/* named arguments: this is only possible through some pre-processor abuse
+*/
+struct v_args {
+    int arg1;
+    int arg2;
+    char _sentinel;
+};
+
+void _v(struct v_args args)
+{
+    printf("%d, %d\n", args.arg1, args.arg2);
+}
+
+#define v(...) _v((struct v_args){__VA_ARGS__})
+
+v(.arg2 = 5, .arg1 = 17); // prints "17,5"
+/* NOTE the above implementation gives us optional typesafe optional arguments as well (unspecified arguments are initialized to zero)*/
+v(.arg2=1); // prints "0,1"
+v();  // prints "0,0"
+
+/* as a first-class object (i.e. function pointer) */
+printf("%p", f); /* that's the f() above */
+
+/* return value */
+double a = asin(1);
+
+/* built-in functions: no such thing. Compiler may interally give special treatment
+   to bread-and-butter functions such as memcpy(), but that's not a C built-in per se */
+
+/* subroutines: no such thing. You can goto places, but I doubt that counts. */
+
+/* Scalar values are passed by value by default. However, arrays are passed by reference. */
+/* Pointers *sort of* work like references, though. */

Task/Call-a-function/COBOL/call-a-function.cobol

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+CALL "No-Arguments"
+
+*> Fixed number of arguments.
+CALL "2-Arguments" USING Foo Bar
+
+CALL "Optional-Arguments" USING Foo
+CALL "Optional-Arguments" USING Foo Bar
+*> If an optional argument is omitted and replaced with OMITTED, any following
+*> arguments can still be specified.
+CALL "Optional-Arguments" USING Foo OMITTED Bar
+*> Interestingly, even arguments not marked as optional can be omitted without
+*> a compiler warning. It is highly unlikely the function will still work,
+*> however.
+CALL "2-Arguments" USING Foo
+
+*> COBOL does not support a variable number of arguments, or named arguments.
+
+*> Values to return can be put in either one of the arguments or, in OpenCOBOL,
+*> the RETURN-CODE register.
+*> A standard function call cannot be done in another statement.
+CALL "Some-Func" USING Foo
+MOVE Return-Code TO Bar
+
+*> Intrinsic functions can be used in any place a literal value may go (i.e. in
+*> statements) and are optionally preceded by FUNCTION.
+*> Intrinsic functions that do not take arguments may optionally have a pair of
+*> empty parentheses.
+*> Intrinsic functions cannot be defined by the user.
+MOVE FUNCTION PI TO Bar
+MOVE FUNCTION MEDIAN(4, 5, 6) TO Bar
+
+*> Built-in functions/subroutines typically have prefixes indicating which
+*> compiler originally incorporated it:
+*>  - C$      - ACUCOBOL-GT
+*>  - CBL_    - Micro Focus
+*>  - CBL_OC_ - OpenCOBOL
+*> Note: The user could name their functions similarly if they wanted to.
+CALL "C$MAKEDIR" USING Foo
+CALL "CBL_CREATE_DIR" USING Foo
+CALL "CBL_OC_NANOSLEEP" USING Bar
+*> Although some built-in functions identified by numbers.
+CALL X"F4" USING Foo Bar
+
+*> Parameters can be passed in 3 different ways:
+*>  - BY REFERENCE - this is the default way in OpenCOBOL and this clause may
+*>       be omitted. The address of the argument is passed to the function.
+*>       The function is allowed to modify the variable.
+*>  - BY CONTENT - a copy is made and the function is passed the address
+*>      of the copy, which it can then modify. This is recomended when
+*>      passing a literal to a function.
+*>  - BY VALUE - the function is passed the address of the argument (like a
+*>      pointer). This is mostly used to provide compatibility with other
+*>      languages, such as C.
+CALL "Modify-Arg" USING BY REFERENCE Foo *> Foo is modified.
+CALL "Modify-Arg" USING BY CONTENT Foo   *> Foo is unchanged.
+CALL "C-Func" USING BY VALUE Bar
+
+*> Partial application is impossible as COBOL does not support first-class
+*> functions.
+*> However, as functions are called using a string of their PROGRAM-ID,
+*> you could pass a 'function' as an argument to another function, or store
+*> it in a variable, or get it at runtime.
+ACCEPT Foo *> Get a PROGRAM-ID from the user.
+CALL "Use-Func" USING Foo
+CALL Foo USING Bar

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-1.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+(defn one []
+  "Function that takes no arguments and returns 1"
+  1)
+
+(one); => 1

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-10.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+;;You can assign it to a variable:
+
+(def receipt-us (format-receipt "Toilet Paper" 5 format-price-us))
+
+;; Then the variable holds the value
+receipt-us; => "Toilet Paper $5"
+
+;; Or you can use it in a call to another function
+
+(defn add-store-name [receipt]
+  "A function to add a footer to the receipt"
+  (str receipt "\n Thanks for shopping at Safeway" ))
+
+;; Calls add-store-name with the result of the format function
+(add-store-name (format-receipt "Toilet Paper" 5 format-price-us)); => "Toilet Paper $5\n Thanks for shopping at Safeway"

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-11.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+;; They are indistinguishable in Clojure, and you can even override a built in one
+
+;; Using built-in addition
+
+(+ 5 5); => 10
+
+;; Using custom defined addition
+
+(defn ? [a b]
+  "Returns the sum of two numbers"
+  (+ a b))
+
+(? 5 5); => 10
+
+;; Overriding a built in function is possible but not recommended
+
+(defn * [a b] ;; Redefining the multiplication operator
+  "Returns the sum of two numbers"
+  (+ a b))
+
+(* 5 5); => 10

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-12.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+;; They are the same thing - indeed, everything in clojure is a function
+;; Functions without return values simply return nil
+
+(defn no-return-value [a]
+  (print (str "Your argument was" a "; now returning nil")))
+
+(no-return-value "hi"); => nil

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-13.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+;; Set up a variable that we will pass to a function
+(def the-queen {:name "Elizabeth"
+                :title "Your Majesty"
+                :address "Buckingham Palace"
+                :pets ["Corgi" "Horse"]})
+
+;; A function to modify the data
+(defn adopt-pet [person pet]
+  "Adds pet to the person's list of pets"
+  (update person
+          :pets
+          #(conj % pet)))
+
+;; Calling the function returns a new data structure with the modified pets
+(adopt-pet the-queen "Ferret"); => {:name "Elizabeth":title "Your Majesty" :address "Buckingham Palace" :pets ["Corgi" "Horse" "Ferret]}
+
+;; The original data structure is not changed
+the-queen; => {:name "Elizabeth" :title "Your Majesty" :address "Buckingham Palace" :pets ["Corgi" "Horse"]}

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-14.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+(defn apply-discount [discount-percentage price]
+  "Function to apply a discount to a price"
+  (-> price
+      (* (- 100 discount-percentage)) ;; Apply discount
+      (/ 100.0)))
+
+;; Here we have assigned the variable to a partial function
+;; It means 'call apply-discount with 10 as the first argument'
+(def discount-10pc-option-1 (partial apply-discount 10))
+
+;; And is equivalent to this:
+(defn discount-10pc-option-2 [price]
+  (apply-discount 10 price))
+
+(discount-10pc-option-1 100); => 90
+
+(discount-10pc-option-2 100); => 90

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-2.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+(defn total-cost [item-price num-items]
+  "Returns the total price to buy the given number of items"
+  (* item-price num-items))
+
+(total-cost 1 5); => 5

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-3.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+(defn total-cost-with-discount [item-price num-items & [discount-percentage]]
+  "Returns total price to buy the items after discount is applied (if given)"
+  (let [discount (or discount-percentage 0)] ;; Assign discount to either the discount-percentage (if given) or default 0 if not
+    (-> item-price
+        (* num-items) ;; Calculate total cost
+        (* (- 100 discount)) ;; Apply discount
+        (/ 100.0))))
+
+;; Now we can use the function without the optional arguments, and see the same behaviour as our total-cost function
+(total-cost-with-discount 1 5); => 5
+
+;; Or we can add the third parameter to calculate the cost with 20% discount
+(total-cost-with-discount 1 5 20); => 4

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-4.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+(defn make-address
+  ([city place-name] (str place-name ", " city))
+  ([city street house-number] (str house-number " " street ", " city))
+  ([city street house-number apartment] (str house-number " " street ", Apt. " apartment ", " city)))
+
+;; To call the function you just need to pass whatever arguments you are supplying as you would with a fixed number
+
+;; First case- the queen doesn't need a street name
+(make-address "London" "Buckingham Palace"); => "Buckingham Palace, London"
+
+;; Second case
+(make-address "London" "Downing Street" 10); => "10 Downing Street, London"
+
+;; Third case
+(make-address "London" "Baker Street" 221 "B"); => "221 Baker Street, Apt. B, London"

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-5.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+(defn make-mailing-label [{:keys [name address country]}]
+  "Returns the correct text to mail a letter to the addressee"
+  (str name "\n" address "\n" (or country "UK"))) ;; If country is nil, assume it is the UK
+
+;; We can call it with all three arguments in a map to get mickey's international address
+(make-mailing-label {:name "Mickey Mouse"
+                     :address "1 Disney Avenue, Los Angeles"
+                     :country "USA"}); => "Mickey Mouse\n1 Disney Avenue, Los Angeles\nUSA"
+
+;; Or we can call it with fewer arguments for domestic mail
+(make-mailing-label {:name "Her Majesty"
+                     :address "Buckingham Palace, London"}); => "Her Majesty\nBuckingham Palace, London\nUK"

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-6.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+(defn multiply-by-10 [number]
+  (* 10 number))
+
+(def fifty (multiply-by-10 5))
+
+fifty; => 50

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-7.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+(defn make-discount-function [discount-percent]
+  "Returns a function that takes a price and applies the given discount"
+  (fn [price] (-> price
+                  (* (- 100 discount-percent))
+                  (/ 100.0))))
+
+;; Now we can create a '20% off' function to calculate prices with your discount card
+(def discount-20pc (make-discount-function 20))
+
+;; Use the function to calculate some discount prices
+(discount-20pc 100); => 80
+(discount-20pc 5); => 4
+
+;; Your friend has a better discount card, we can use the same function to create their discount card function
+(def discount-50pc (make-discount-function 50))
+(discount-50pc 100); => 50
+(discount-50pc 5); => 2.5

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-8.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+;; Continuing on the same example, let's imagine Anna has a 20% discount card and Bill has 50%. Charlie pays full price
+;; We can store their discount functions in a map
+
+(def discount-cards {"Anna" discount-20pc
+                     "Bill" discount-50pc
+                     "Charlie" identity}) ;; Identity returns whatever value was passed to the function (in this case it will be price)
+
+;; Now we can access them by cardholder name in another function
+(defn calculate-discounted-price [price shopper-name]
+  "Applies the correct discount for the person"
+  (let [discount-fn (get discount-cards shopper-name)] ;; Get the right discount function
+    (discount-fn price))) ;; Apply discount function to the price
+
+(calculate-discounted-price 100 "Anna"); => 80
+(calculate-discounted-price 100 "Bill"); => 50
+(calculate-discounted-price 100 "Charlie"); => 100

Task/Call-a-function/Clojure/call-a-function-9.clj

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+;; Here we have two functions to format a price depending on the country
+
+(defn format-price-uk [price]
+  (str "£" price))
+
+(defn format-price-us [price]
+  (str "$" price))
+
+;; And one function that takes a price formatting function as an argument
+
+(defn format-receipt [item-name price price-formatting-function]
+  "Return the item name and price formatted according to the function"
+  (str item-name
+       " "
+       (price-formatting-function price))) ;; Call the format function to get the right representation of the price
+
+(format-receipt "Loo Roll" 5 format-price-uk); => "Loo Roll £5"
+
+(format-receipt "Toilet Paper" 5 format-price-us); => "Toilet Paper $5"

Task/Call-a-function/CoffeeScript/call-a-function.coffee

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Calling a function that requires no arguments
+foo()
+
+# Calling a function with a fixed number of arguments
+foo 1
+
+# Calling a function with optional arguments
+# (Optional arguments are done using an object with named keys)
+foo 1, optionalBar: 1, optionalBaz: 'bax'
+
+# Calling a function with a variable number of arguments
+# for a function `foo` defined as `foo = ( args... ) ->`
+foo 1, 2, 3, 4
+
+# Calling a function with named arguments
+# (Named arguments are done using an object with named keys)
+foo bar: 1, bax: 'baz'
+
+# Using a function in statement context
+x = foo 1
+
+# Using a function in first-class context within an expression
+# (For `foo` defined as `foo = ( x ) -> x + 1`
+x = [ 1, 2, 3 ].map foo
+
+# Obtaining the return value of a function
+x = foo 1
+
+# Arguments are passed by value, even objects. Objects
+# are passed as the _value_ of the reference to an object.
+# Example:
+bar = ( person ) ->
+    # Since `person` is a reference
+    # to the person passed in, we can assign
+    # a new value to its `name` key.
+    person.name = 'Bob'
+
+    # Since `person` is just the value of
+    # the original reference, assigning to it
+    # does not modify the original reference.
+    person = new Person 'Frank'
+
+# Partial application is only possible manually through closures
+curry = ( f, fixedArgs... ) ->
+    ( args... ) -> f fixedArgs..., args...
+
+# Example usage
+add = ( x, y ) -> x + y
+
+add2 = curry add, 2
+
+add2 1 #=> 3

Task/Call-a-function/Common-Lisp/call-a-function.lisp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+;Calling a function that requires no arguments
+(defun a () "This is the 'A' function")
+(a)
+;Calling a function with a fixed number of arguments
+(defun b (x y) (list x y))
+(b 1 2)
+;Calling a function with optional arguments
+(defun c (&optional x y) (list x y))
+(c 1)
+;Calling a function with a variable number of arguments
+(defun d (&rest args) args)
+(d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
+;Calling a function with named arguments
+(defun e (&key (x 1) (y 2)) (list x y))
+(e :x 10 :y 20)
+;Using a function in first-class context within an expression
+(defun f (func) (funcall func))
+(f #'a)
+;Obtaining the return value of a function
+(defvar return-of-a (a))
+;Is partial application possible and how
+(defun curry (function &rest args-1)
+  (lambda (&rest args-2)
+    (apply function (append args-1 args-2))))
+(funcall (curry #'+ 1) 2)

Task/Call-a-function/Cubescript/call-a-function.cube

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// No arguments
+myfunction
+
+// All functions can take a variable number of arguments.
+// These can be accessed from within the function with the aliases:
+// $arg1, $arg2, $arg3... $numargs tells the amount of args passed.
+myfunction word "text string" 1 3.14
+
+// Getting a function's return value
+retval = (myfunction)
+
+// Trying to do a variable lookup on a builtin function will return an empty
+// string. This can be used to distinguish builtin functions from user-defined
+// ones.
+if (strcmp $echo "") [echo builtin function]          // true
+if (strcmp $myfunction "") [echo builtin function]    // false

Task/Call-a-function/D/call-a-function.d

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import std.traits;
+
+enum isSubroutine(alias F) = is(ReturnType!F == void);
+
+void main() {
+    void foo1() {}
+
+    // Calling a function that requires no arguments:
+    foo1();
+    foo1; // Alternative syntax.
+
+
+    void foo2(int x, int y) {}
+
+    immutable lambda = function int(int x) => x ^^ 2;
+
+    // Calling a function with a fixed number of arguments:
+    foo2(1, 2);
+    foo2(1, 2);
+    cast(void)lambda(1);
+
+
+    void foo3(int x, int y=2) {}
+
+    // Calling a function with optional arguments:
+    foo3(1);
+    foo3(1, 3);
+
+    int sum(int[] arr...) {
+        int tot = 0;
+        foreach (immutable x; arr)
+            tot += x;
+        return tot;
+    }
+
+    real sum2(Args...)(Args arr) {
+        typeof(return) tot = 0;
+        foreach (immutable x; arr)
+            tot += x;
+        return tot;
+    }
+
+    // Calling a function with a variable number of arguments:
+    assert(sum(1, 2, 3) == 6);
+    assert(sum(1, 2, 3, 4) == 10);
+    assert(sum2(1, 2.5, 3.5) == 7);
+
+    // Calling a function with named arguments:
+    // Various struct or tuple-based tricks can be used for this,
+    // but currently D doesn't have named arguments.
+
+
+    // Using a function in statement context (?):
+    if (1)
+        foo1;
+
+    // Using a function in first-class context within an expression:
+    assert(sum(1) == 1);
+
+
+    auto foo4() { return 1; }
+
+    // Obtaining the return value of a function:
+    immutable x = foo4;
+
+
+    // Distinguishing built-in functions and user-defined functions:
+    // There are no built-in functions, beside the operators, and
+    // pseudo-functions like assert().
+
+
+    int myFynction(int x) { return x; }
+    void mySubroutine(int x) {}
+
+    // Distinguishing subroutines and functions:
+    // (A subroutine is merely a function that has no explicit
+    // return statement and will return void).
+    pragma(msg, isSubroutine!mySubroutine); // Prints: true
+    pragma(msg, isSubroutine!myFynction);   // Prints: false
+
+
+    void foo5(int a, in int b, ref int c, out int d, lazy int e, scope int f) {}
+
+    // Stating whether arguments are passed by value, by reference, etc:
+    alias STC = ParameterStorageClass;
+    alias psct = ParameterStorageClassTuple!foo5;
+    static assert(psct.length == 6); // Six parameters.
+    static assert(psct[0] == STC.none);
+    static assert(psct[1] == STC.none);
+    static assert(psct[2] == STC.ref_);
+    static assert(psct[3] == STC.out_);
+    static assert(psct[4] == STC.lazy_);
+    static assert(psct[5] == STC.scope_);
+    // There are also inout and auto ref.
+
+
+    int foo6(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
+
+    // Is partial application possible and how:
+    import std.functional;
+    alias foo6b = partial!(foo6, 5);
+    assert(foo6b(6) == 11);
+}

Task/Call-a-function/Dart/call-a-function.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+void main() {
+  // Function definition
+  // See the "Function definition" task for more info
+  void noArgs() {}
+  void fixedArgs(int arg1, int arg2) {}
+  void optionalArgs([int arg1 = 1]) {}
+  void namedArgs({required int arg1}) {}
+  int returnsValue() {return 1;}
+
+  // Calling a function that requires no arguments
+  noArgs();
+
+  // Calling a function with a fixed number of arguments
+  fixedArgs(1, 2);
+
+  // Calling a function with optional arguments
+  optionalArgs();
+  optionalArgs(2);
+
+  // Calling a function with named arguments
+  namedArgs(arg1: 1);
+
+  // Using a function in statement context
+  if (true) {
+    noArgs();
+  }
+
+  // Obtaining the return value of a function
+  var value = returnsValue();
+}

Task/Call-a-function/Delphi/call-a-function-1.delphi

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo()

Task/Call-a-function/Delphi/call-a-function-2.delphi

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo(1)

Task/Call-a-function/Delphi/call-a-function-3.delphi

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

Task/Call-a-function/Delphi/call-a-function-4.delphi

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+writeLn('Hello world.');
+foo;
+writeLn('Goodbye world')

Task/Call-a-function/Dragon/call-a-function-1.dragon

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+myMethod()

Task/Call-a-function/Dragon/call-a-function-2.dragon

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+myMethod(97, 3.14)

Task/Call-a-function/Dyalect/call-a-function-1.dyalect

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+func foo() { }
+foo()

Task/Call-a-function/Dyalect/call-a-function-10.dyalect

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+//There is no difference between subroutines and functions:
+func foo() { } //doesn't explicitly return something (but in fact returns nil)
+func bar(x) { return x * 2 } //explicitly returns value (keyword "return" can be omitted)

Task/Call-a-function/Dyalect/call-a-function-11.dyalect

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+//All arguments are passed by reference

Task/Call-a-function/Dyalect/call-a-function-12.dyalect

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Using a closure:
+func apply(fun, fst) { snd => fun(fst, snd) }
+
+//Usage:
+func sum(x, y) { x + y }
+
+var sum2 = apply(sum, 2)
+var x = sum2(3) //x is 5
+
+//By second argument
+func flip(fun) { (y, x) => fun(x, y) }
+func sub(x, y) { x - y }
+
+var sub3 = apply(flip(sub), 3)
+x = sub3(9) //x is 6

Task/Call-a-function/Dyalect/call-a-function-2.dyalect

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+func foo(x, y, z) { }
+foo(1, 2, 3)

Task/Call-a-function/Dyalect/call-a-function-3.dyalect

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+func foo(x, y = 0, z = 1) { }
+foo(1)