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---
from: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition
note: Matrices

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Every symmetric, positive definite matrix A can be decomposed into a product of a unique lower triangular matrix L and its transpose:
:<math>A = LL^T</math>
<math>L</math> is called the ''Cholesky factor'' of <math>A</math>, and can be interpreted as a generalized square root of <math>A</math>, as described in [[wp:Cholesky decomposition|Cholesky decomposition]].
In a 3x3 example, we have to solve the following system of equations:
:<math>\begin{align}
A &=
\begin{pmatrix}
a_{11} & a_{21} & a_{31}\\
a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{32}\\
a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\\
\end{pmatrix}\\
& =
\begin{pmatrix}
l_{11} & 0 & 0 \\
l_{21} & l_{22} & 0 \\
l_{31} & l_{32} & l_{33}\\
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
l_{11} & l_{21} & l_{31} \\
0 & l_{22} & l_{32} \\
0 & 0 & l_{33}
\end{pmatrix} \equiv LL^T\\
&= \begin{pmatrix}
l_{11}^2 & l_{21}l_{11} & l_{31}l_{11} \\
l_{21}l_{11} & l_{21}^2 + l_{22}^2& l_{31}l_{21}+l_{32}l_{22} \\
l_{31}l_{11} & l_{31}l_{21}+l_{32}l_{22} & l_{31}^2 + l_{32}^2+l_{33}^2
\end{pmatrix}\end{align}
</math>
We can see that for the diagonal elements (<math>l_{kk}</math>) of <math>L</math> there is a calculation pattern:
:<math>l_{11} = \sqrt{a_{11}}</math>
:<math>l_{22} = \sqrt{a_{22} - l_{21}^2}</math>
:<math>l_{33} = \sqrt{a_{33} - (l_{31}^2 + l_{32}^2)}</math>
or in general:
:<math>l_{kk} = \sqrt{a_{kk} - \sum_{j=1}^{k-1} l_{kj}^2}</math>
For the elements below the diagonal (<math>l_{ik}</math>, where <math>i > k </math>) there is also a calculation pattern:
:<math>l_{21} = \frac{1}{l_{11}} a_{21}</math>
:<math>l_{31} = \frac{1}{l_{11}} a_{31}</math>
:<math>l_{32} = \frac{1}{l_{22}} (a_{32} - l_{31}l_{21})</math>
which can also be expressed in a general formula:
:<math>l_{ik} = \frac{1}{l_{kk}} \left ( a_{ik} - \sum_{j=1}^{k-1} l_{ij}l_{kj} \right )</math>
'''Task description'''
The task is to implement a routine which will return a lower Cholesky factor <math>L</math> for every given symmetric, positive definite nxn matrix <math>A</math>. You should then test it on the following two examples and include your output.
Example 1:
<pre>
25 15 -5 5 0 0
15 18 0 --> 3 3 0
-5 0 11 -1 1 3
</pre>
Example 2:
<pre>
18 22 54 42 4.24264 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
22 70 86 62 --> 5.18545 6.56591 0.00000 0.00000
54 86 174 134 12.72792 3.04604 1.64974 0.00000
42 62 134 106 9.89949 1.62455 1.84971 1.39262
</pre>
;Note:
# The Cholesky decomposition of a [[Pascal matrix generation|Pascal]] upper-triangle matrix is the [[wp:Identity matrix|Identity matrix]] of the same size.
# The Cholesky decomposition of a Pascal symmetric matrix is the Pascal lower-triangle matrix of the same size.

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F cholesky(A)
V l = [[0.0] * A.len] * A.len
L(i) 0 .< A.len
L(j) 0 .. i
V s = sum((0 .< j).map(k -> @l[@i][k] * @l[@j][k]))
l[i][j] = I (i == j) {sqrt(A[i][i] - s)} E (1.0 / l[j][j] * (A[i][j] - s))
R l
F pprint(m)
print([)
L(row) m
print(row)
print(])
V m1 = [[25, 15, -5],
[15, 18, 0],
[-5, 0, 11]]
print(cholesky(m1))
print()
V m2 = [[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106]]
pprint(cholesky(m2))

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#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
MODE FIELD=LONG REAL;
PROC (FIELD)FIELD field sqrt = long sqrt;
INT field prec = 5;
FORMAT field fmt = $g(-(2+1+field prec),field prec)$;
MODE MAT = [0,0]FIELD;
PROC cholesky = (MAT a) MAT:(
[UPB a, 2 UPB a]FIELD l;
FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO
FOR j FROM 2 LWB a TO i DO
FIELD s := 0;
FOR k FROM 2 LWB a TO j-1 DO
s +:= l[i,k] * l[j,k]
OD;
l[i,j] := IF i = j
THEN field sqrt(a[i,i] - s)
ELSE 1.0 / l[j,j] * (a[i,j] - s) FI
OD;
FOR j FROM i+1 TO 2 UPB a DO
l[i,j]:=0 # Not required if matrix is declared as triangular #
OD
OD;
l
);
PROC print matrix v1 =(MAT a)VOID:(
FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO
FOR j FROM 2 LWB a TO 2 UPB a DO
printf(($g(-(2+1+field prec),field prec)$, a[i,j]))
OD;
printf($l$)
OD
);
PROC print matrix =(MAT a)VOID:(
FORMAT vector fmt = $"("f(field fmt)n(2 UPB a-2 LWB a)(", " f(field fmt))")"$;
FORMAT matrix fmt = $"("f(vector fmt)n( UPB a- LWB a)(","lxf(vector fmt))")"$;
printf((matrix fmt, a))
);
main: (
MAT m1 = ((25, 15, -5),
(15, 18, 0),
(-5, 0, 11));
MAT c1 = cholesky(m1);
print matrix(c1);
printf($l$);
MAT m2 = ((18, 22, 54, 42),
(22, 70, 86, 62),
(54, 86, 174, 134),
(42, 62, 134, 106));
MAT c2 = cholesky(m2);
print matrix(c2)
)

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%{^
#include <math.h>
#include <float.h>
%}
#include "share/atspre_staload.hats"
macdef NAN = g0f2f ($extval (float, "NAN"))
macdef Zero = g0i2f 0
macdef One = g0i2f 1
(* The sqrt(3) function made part of the g0float typekind series.
(The ats2-xprelude package will do this for you, but it is easy
to do if you are not using a lot of math functions. *)
extern fn {tk : tkind} g0float_sqrt : g0float tk -<> g0float tk
overload sqrt with g0float_sqrt
implement g0float_sqrt<fltknd> x = $extfcall (float, "sqrtf", x)
implement g0float_sqrt<dblknd> x = $extfcall (double, "sqrt", x)
implement g0float_sqrt<ldblknd> x = $extfcall (ldouble, "sqrtl", x)
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* A "very little matrix library" *)
typedef Matrix_Index_Map (m1 : int, n1 : int, m0 : int, n0 : int) =
{i1, j1 : pos | i1 <= m1; j1 <= n1}
(int i1, int j1) -<cloref0>
[i0, j0 : pos | i0 <= m0; j0 <= n0]
@(int i0, int j0)
datatype Real_Matrix (tk : tkind,
m1 : int, n1 : int,
m0 : int, n0 : int) =
| Real_Matrix of (matrixref (g0float tk, m0, n0),
int m1, int n1, int m0, int n0,
Matrix_Index_Map (m1, n1, m0, n0))
typedef Real_Matrix (tk : tkind, m1 : int, n1 : int) =
[m0, n0 : pos] Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1, m0, n0)
typedef Real_Vector (tk : tkind, m1 : int, n1 : int) =
[m1 == 1 || n1 == 1] Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1)
typedef Real_Row (tk : tkind, n1 : int) = Real_Vector (tk, 1, n1)
typedef Real_Column (tk : tkind, m1 : int) = Real_Vector (tk, m1, 1)
extern fn {tk : tkind}
Real_Matrix_make_elt :
{m0, n0 : pos}
(int m0, int n0, g0float tk) -< !wrt >
Real_Matrix (tk, m0, n0, m0, n0)
extern fn {tk : tkind}
Real_Matrix_copy :
{m1, n1 : pos}
Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1) -< !refwrt > Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1)
extern fn {tk : tkind}
Real_Matrix_copy_to :
{m1, n1 : pos}
(Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1), (* destination *)
Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1)) -< !refwrt >
void
extern fn {}
Real_Matrix_dimension :
{tk : tkind}
{m1, n1 : pos}
Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1) -<> @(int m1, int n1)
extern fn {tk : tkind}
Real_Matrix_get_at :
{m1, n1 : pos}
{i1, j1 : pos | i1 <= m1; j1 <= n1}
(Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1), int i1, int j1) -< !ref > g0float tk
extern fn {tk : tkind}
Real_Matrix_set_at :
{m1, n1 : pos}
{i1, j1 : pos | i1 <= m1; j1 <= n1}
(Real_Matrix (tk, m1, n1), int i1, int j1, g0float tk) -< !refwrt >
void
extern fn {}
Real_Matrix_reflect_lower_triangle :
(* This operation makes every It is a change in how INDEXING
works. All the storage is still in the lower triangle. *)
{tk : tkind}
{n1 : pos}
{m0, n0 : pos}
Real_Matrix (tk, n1, n1, m0, n0) -<>
Real_Matrix (tk, n1, n1, m0, n0)
extern fn {tk : tkind}
Real_Matrix_fprint :
{m, n : pos}
(FILEref, Real_Matrix (tk, m, n)) -<1> void
overload copy with Real_Matrix_copy
overload copy_to with Real_Matrix_copy_to
overload dimension with Real_Matrix_dimension
overload [] with Real_Matrix_get_at
overload [] with Real_Matrix_set_at
overload reflect_lower_triangle with
Real_Matrix_reflect_lower_triangle
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* Implementation of the "very little matrix library" *)
implement {tk}
Real_Matrix_make_elt (m0, n0, elt) =
Real_Matrix (matrixref_make_elt<g0float tk> (i2sz m0, i2sz n0, elt),
m0, n0, m0, n0, lam (i1, j1) => @(i1, j1))
implement {}
Real_Matrix_dimension A =
case+ A of Real_Matrix (_, m1, n1, _, _, _) => @(m1, n1)
implement {tk}
Real_Matrix_get_at (A, i1, j1) =
let
val+ Real_Matrix (storage, _, _, _, n0, index_map) = A
val @(i0, j0) = index_map (i1, j1)
in
matrixref_get_at<g0float tk> (storage, pred i0, n0, pred j0)
end
implement {tk}
Real_Matrix_set_at (A, i1, j1, x) =
let
val+ Real_Matrix (storage, _, _, _, n0, index_map) = A
val @(i0, j0) = index_map (i1, j1)
in
matrixref_set_at<g0float tk> (storage, pred i0, n0, pred j0, x)
end
implement {}
Real_Matrix_reflect_lower_triangle {..} {n1} A =
let
typedef t = intBtwe (1, n1)
val+ Real_Matrix (storage, n1, _, m0, n0, index_map) = A
in
Real_Matrix (storage, n1, n1, m0, n0,
lam (i, j) =>
index_map ((if j <= i then i else j) : t,
(if j <= i then j else i) : t))
end
implement {tk}
Real_Matrix_copy A =
let
val @(m1, n1) = dimension A
val C = Real_Matrix_make_elt<tk> (m1, n1, A[1, 1])
val () = copy_to<tk> (C, A)
in
C
end
implement {tk}
Real_Matrix_copy_to (Dst, Src) =
let
val @(m1, n1) = dimension Src
prval [m1 : int] EQINT () = eqint_make_gint m1
prval [n1 : int] EQINT () = eqint_make_gint n1
var i : intGte 1
in
for* {i : pos | i <= m1 + 1} .<(m1 + 1) - i>.
(i : int i) =>
(i := 1; i <> succ m1; i := succ i)
let
var j : intGte 1
in
for* {j : pos | j <= n1 + 1} .<(n1 + 1) - j>.
(j : int j) =>
(j := 1; j <> succ n1; j := succ j)
Dst[i, j] := Src[i, j]
end
end
implement {tk}
Real_Matrix_fprint {m, n} (outf, A) =
let
val @(m, n) = dimension A
var i : intGte 1
in
for* {i : pos | i <= m + 1} .<(m + 1) - i>.
(i : int i) =>
(i := 1; i <> succ m; i := succ i)
let
var j : intGte 1
in
for* {j : pos | j <= n + 1} .<(n + 1) - j>.
(j : int j) =>
(j := 1; j <> succ n; j := succ j)
let
typedef FILEstar = $extype"FILE *"
extern castfn FILEref2star : FILEref -<> FILEstar
val _ = $extfcall (int, "fprintf", FILEref2star outf,
"%16.6g", A[i, j])
in
end;
fprintln! (outf)
end
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* Cholesky-Banachiewicz, in place. See
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholesky_decomposition&oldid=1149960985#The_Cholesky%E2%80%93Banachiewicz_and_Cholesky%E2%80%93Crout_algorithms
I would use Cholesky-Crout if my matrices were stored in column
major order. But it makes little difference. *)
extern fn {tk : tkind}
Real_Matrix_cholesky_decomposition :
(* Only the lower triangle is considered. *)
{n : pos}
Real_Matrix (tk, n, n) -< !refwrt > void
overload cholesky_decomposition with
Real_Matrix_cholesky_decomposition
implement {tk}
Real_Matrix_cholesky_decomposition {n} A =
let
val @(n, _) = dimension A
(* I arrange the nested loops somewhat differently from how it is
done in the Wikipedia article's C snippet. *)
fun
repeat {i, j : pos | j <= i; i <= n + 1} (* <-- allowed values *)
.<(n + 1) - i, i - j>. (* <-- proof of termination *)
(i : int i, j : int j) :<!refwrt> void =
if i = n + 1 then
() (* All done. *)
else
let
fun
_sum {k : pos | k <= j} .<j - k>.
(x : g0float tk, k : int k) :<!refwrt> g0float tk =
if k = j then
x
else
_sum (x + (A[i, k] * A[j, k]), succ k)
val sum = _sum (Zero, 1)
in
if j = i then
begin
A[i, j] := sqrt (A[i, i] - sum);
repeat (succ i, 1)
end
else
begin
A[i, j] := (One / A[j, j]) * (A[i, j] - sum);
repeat (i, succ j)
end
end
in
repeat (1, 1)
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
fn {tk : tkind} (* We like Fortran, so COLUMN major here. *)
column_major_list_to_square_matrix
{n : pos}
(n : int n,
lst : list (g0float tk, n * n))
: Real_Matrix (tk, n, n) =
let
#define :: list_cons
prval () = mul_gte_gte_gte {n, n} ()
val A = Real_Matrix_make_elt (n, n, NAN)
val lstref : ref (List0 (g0float tk)) = ref lst
var j : intGte 1
in
for* {j : pos | j <= n + 1} .<(n + 1) - j>.
(j : int j) =>
(j := 1; j <> succ n; j := succ j)
let
var i : intGte 1
in
for* {i : pos | i <= n + 1} .<(n + 1) - i>.
(i : int i) =>
(i := 1; i <> succ n; i := succ i)
case- !lstref of
| hd :: tl =>
begin
A[i, j] := hd;
!lstref := tl
end
end;
A
end
implement
main0 () =
let
val _A =
column_major_list_to_square_matrix
(3, $list (25.0, 15.0, ~5.0,
0.0, 18.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 11.0))
val A = reflect_lower_triangle _A
and B = copy _A
val () =
begin
cholesky_decomposition B;
print! ("\nThe Cholesky decomposition of\n\n");
Real_Matrix_fprint (stdout_ref, A);
print! ("is\n");
Real_Matrix_fprint (stdout_ref, B)
end
val _A =
column_major_list_to_square_matrix
(4, $list (18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0,
0.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0,
0.0, 0.0, 174.0, 134.0,
0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 106.0))
val A = reflect_lower_triangle _A
and B = copy _A
val () =
begin
cholesky_decomposition B;
print! ("\nThe Cholesky decomposition of\n\n");
Real_Matrix_fprint (stdout_ref, A);
print! ("is\n");
Real_Matrix_fprint (stdout_ref, B)
end
in
println! ()
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)

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with Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays;
generic
with package Matrix is new Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays (<>);
package Decomposition is
-- decompose a square matrix A by A = L * Transpose (L)
procedure Decompose (A : Matrix.Real_Matrix; L : out Matrix.Real_Matrix);
end Decomposition;

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with Ada.Numerics.Generic_Elementary_Functions;
package body Decomposition is
package Math is new Ada.Numerics.Generic_Elementary_Functions
(Matrix.Real);
procedure Decompose (A : Matrix.Real_Matrix; L : out Matrix.Real_Matrix) is
use type Matrix.Real_Matrix, Matrix.Real;
Order : constant Positive := A'Length (1);
S : Matrix.Real;
begin
L := (others => (others => 0.0));
for I in 0 .. Order - 1 loop
for K in 0 .. I loop
S := 0.0;
for J in 0 .. K - 1 loop
S := S +
L (L'First (1) + I, L'First (2) + J) *
L (L'First (1) + K, L'First (2) + J);
end loop;
-- diagonals
if K = I then
L (L'First (1) + K, L'First (2) + K) :=
Math.Sqrt (A (A'First (1) + K, A'First (2) + K) - S);
else
L (L'First (1) + I, L'First (2) + K) :=
1.0 / L (L'First (1) + K, L'First (2) + K) *
(A (A'First (1) + I, A'First (2) + K) - S);
end if;
end loop;
end loop;
end Decompose;
end Decomposition;

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with Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays;
with Ada.Text_IO;
with Decomposition;
procedure Decompose_Example is
package Real_Decomposition is new Decomposition
(Matrix => Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays);
package Real_IO is new Ada.Text_IO.Float_IO (Float);
procedure Print (M : Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays.Real_Matrix) is
begin
for Row in M'Range (1) loop
for Col in M'Range (2) loop
Real_IO.Put (M (Row, Col), 4, 3, 0);
end loop;
Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;
end loop;
end Print;
Example_1 : constant Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays.Real_Matrix :=
((25.0, 15.0, -5.0),
(15.0, 18.0, 0.0),
(-5.0, 0.0, 11.0));
L_1 : Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays.Real_Matrix (Example_1'Range (1),
Example_1'Range (2));
Example_2 : constant Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays.Real_Matrix :=
((18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0),
(22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0),
(54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0),
(42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0));
L_2 : Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays.Real_Matrix (Example_2'Range (1),
Example_2'Range (2));
begin
Real_Decomposition.Decompose (A => Example_1,
L => L_1);
Real_Decomposition.Decompose (A => Example_2,
L => L_2);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Example 1:");
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("A:"); Print (Example_1);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("L:"); Print (L_1);
Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Example 2:");
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("A:"); Print (Example_2);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("L:"); Print (L_2);
end Decompose_Example;

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cholesky: function [m][
result: array.of: @[size m, size m] 0.0
loop 0..dec size m\0 'i [
loop 0..i 'j [
s: 0.0
loop 0..j 'k ->
s: s + result\[i]\[k] * result\[j]\[k]
result\[i]\[j]: (i = j)? -> sqrt m\[i]\[i] - s
-> (1.0 // result\[j]\[j]) * (m\[i]\[j] - s)
]
]
return result
]
printMatrix: function [a]->
loop a 'b ->
print to [:string] .format:"8.5f" b
m1: @[
@[25.0, 15.0, neg 5.0]
@[15.0, 18.0, 0.0]
@[neg 5.0, 0.0, 11.0]
]
printMatrix cholesky m1
print ""
m2: [
[18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0]
[22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0]
[54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0]
[42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0]
]
printMatrix cholesky m2

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Cholesky_Decomposition(A){
L := [], n := A.Count()
L[1,1] := Sqrt(A[1,1])
loop % n {
k := A_Index
loop % n-1 {
i := A_Index+1
Sigma := 0, j := 0
while (++j <= k-1)
Sigma += L[i, j] * L[k, j]
L[i, k] := (A[i, k] - Sigma) / L[k, k]
Sigma := 0, j := 0
while (++j <= k-1)
Sigma += (L[k, j])**2
L[k, k] := Sqrt(A[k, k] - Sigma)
}
}
loop % n{
k := A_Index
loop % n
L[k, A_Index] := L[k, A_Index] ? L[k, A_Index] : 0
}
return L
}
ShowMatrix(L){
for r, obj in L{
row := ""
for c, v in obj
row .= Format("{:.3f}", v) ", "
output .= "[" trim(row, ", ") "]`n,"
}
return "[" Trim(output, "`n,") "]"
}

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A := [[25, 15, -5]
, [15, 18, 0]
, [-5, 0 , 11]]
L1 := Cholesky_Decomposition(A)
A := [[18, 22, 54, 42]
, [22, 70, 86, 62]
, [54, 86, 174, 134]
, [42, 62, 134, 106]]
L2 := Cholesky_Decomposition(A)
MsgBox % Result := ShowMatrix(L1) "`n----`n" ShowMatrix(L2) "`n----"
return

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DIM m1(2,2)
m1() = 25, 15, -5, \
\ 15, 18, 0, \
\ -5, 0, 11
PROCcholesky(m1())
PROCprint(m1())
PRINT
@% = &2050A
DIM m2(3,3)
m2() = 18, 22, 54, 42, \
\ 22, 70, 86, 62, \
\ 54, 86, 174, 134, \
\ 42, 62, 134, 106
PROCcholesky(m2())
PROCprint(m2())
END
DEF PROCcholesky(a())
LOCAL i%, j%, k%, l(), s
DIM l(DIM(a(),1),DIM(a(),2))
FOR i% = 0 TO DIM(a(),1)
FOR j% = 0 TO i%
s = 0
FOR k% = 0 TO j%-1
s += l(i%,k%) * l(j%,k%)
NEXT
IF i% = j% THEN
l(i%,j%) = SQR(a(i%,i%) - s)
ELSE
l(i%,j%) = (a(i%,j%) - s) / l(j%,j%)
ENDIF
NEXT j%
NEXT i%
a() = l()
ENDPROC
DEF PROCprint(a())
LOCAL row%, col%
FOR row% = 0 TO DIM(a(),1)
FOR col% = 0 TO DIM(a(),2)
PRINT a(row%,col%);
NEXT
PRINT
NEXT row%
ENDPROC

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#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
template <typename scalar_type> class matrix {
public:
matrix(size_t rows, size_t columns)
: rows_(rows), columns_(columns), elements_(rows * columns) {}
matrix(size_t rows, size_t columns, scalar_type value)
: rows_(rows), columns_(columns), elements_(rows * columns, value) {}
matrix(size_t rows, size_t columns,
const std::initializer_list<std::initializer_list<scalar_type>>& values)
: rows_(rows), columns_(columns), elements_(rows * columns) {
assert(values.size() <= rows_);
size_t i = 0;
for (const auto& row : values) {
assert(row.size() <= columns_);
std::copy(begin(row), end(row), &elements_[i]);
i += columns_;
}
}
size_t rows() const { return rows_; }
size_t columns() const { return columns_; }
const scalar_type& operator()(size_t row, size_t column) const {
assert(row < rows_);
assert(column < columns_);
return elements_[row * columns_ + column];
}
scalar_type& operator()(size_t row, size_t column) {
assert(row < rows_);
assert(column < columns_);
return elements_[row * columns_ + column];
}
private:
size_t rows_;
size_t columns_;
std::vector<scalar_type> elements_;
};
template <typename scalar_type>
void print(std::ostream& out, const matrix<scalar_type>& a) {
size_t rows = a.rows(), columns = a.columns();
out << std::fixed << std::setprecision(5);
for (size_t row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
for (size_t column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
if (column > 0)
out << ' ';
out << std::setw(9) << a(row, column);
}
out << '\n';
}
}
template <typename scalar_type>
matrix<scalar_type> cholesky_factor(const matrix<scalar_type>& input) {
assert(input.rows() == input.columns());
size_t n = input.rows();
matrix<scalar_type> result(n, n);
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
for (size_t k = 0; k < i; ++k) {
scalar_type value = input(i, k);
for (size_t j = 0; j < k; ++j)
value -= result(i, j) * result(k, j);
result(i, k) = value/result(k, k);
}
scalar_type value = input(i, i);
for (size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j)
value -= result(i, j) * result(i, j);
result(i, i) = std::sqrt(value);
}
return result;
}
void print_cholesky_factor(const matrix<double>& matrix) {
std::cout << "Matrix:\n";
print(std::cout, matrix);
std::cout << "Cholesky factor:\n";
print(std::cout, cholesky_factor(matrix));
}
int main() {
matrix<double> matrix1(3, 3,
{{25, 15, -5},
{15, 18, 0},
{-5, 0, 11}});
print_cholesky_factor(matrix1);
matrix<double> matrix2(4, 4,
{{18, 22, 54, 42},
{22, 70, 86, 62},
{54, 86, 174, 134},
{42, 62, 134, 106}});
print_cholesky_factor(matrix2);
return 0;
}

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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace Cholesky
{
class Program
{
/// <summary>
/// This is example is written in C#, and compiles with .NET Framework 4.0
/// </summary>
/// <param name="args"></param>
static void Main(string[] args)
{
double[,] test1 = new double[,]
{
{25, 15, -5},
{15, 18, 0},
{-5, 0, 11},
};
double[,] test2 = new double[,]
{
{18, 22, 54, 42},
{22, 70, 86, 62},
{54, 86, 174, 134},
{42, 62, 134, 106},
};
double[,] chol1 = Cholesky(test1);
double[,] chol2 = Cholesky(test2);
Console.WriteLine("Test 1: ");
Print(test1);
Console.WriteLine("");
Console.WriteLine("Lower Cholesky 1: ");
Print(chol1);
Console.WriteLine("");
Console.WriteLine("Test 2: ");
Print(test2);
Console.WriteLine("");
Console.WriteLine("Lower Cholesky 2: ");
Print(chol2);
}
public static void Print(double[,] a)
{
int n = (int)Math.Sqrt(a.Length);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int r = 0; r < n; r++)
{
string s = "";
for (int c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
s += a[r, c].ToString("f5").PadLeft(9) + ",";
}
sb.AppendLine(s);
}
Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns the lower Cholesky Factor, L, of input matrix A.
/// Satisfies the equation: L*L^T = A.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="a">Input matrix must be square, symmetric,
/// and positive definite. This method does not check for these properties,
/// and may produce unexpected results of those properties are not met.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static double[,] Cholesky(double[,] a)
{
int n = (int)Math.Sqrt(a.Length);
double[,] ret = new double[n, n];
for (int r = 0; r < n; r++)
for (int c = 0; c <= r; c++)
{
if (c == r)
{
double sum = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++)
{
sum += ret[c, j] * ret[c, j];
}
ret[c, c] = Math.Sqrt(a[c, c] - sum);
}
else
{
double sum = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++)
sum += ret[r, j] * ret[c, j];
ret[r, c] = 1.0 / ret[c, c] * (a[r, c] - sum);
}
}
return ret;
}
}
}

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
double *cholesky(double *A, int n) {
double *L = (double*)calloc(n * n, sizeof(double));
if (L == NULL)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < (i+1); j++) {
double s = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < j; k++)
s += L[i * n + k] * L[j * n + k];
L[i * n + j] = (i == j) ?
sqrt(A[i * n + i] - s) :
(1.0 / L[j * n + j] * (A[i * n + j] - s));
}
return L;
}
void show_matrix(double *A, int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
printf("%2.5f ", A[i * n + j]);
printf("\n");
}
}
int main() {
int n = 3;
double m1[] = {25, 15, -5,
15, 18, 0,
-5, 0, 11};
double *c1 = cholesky(m1, n);
show_matrix(c1, n);
printf("\n");
free(c1);
n = 4;
double m2[] = {18, 22, 54, 42,
22, 70, 86, 62,
54, 86, 174, 134,
42, 62, 134, 106};
double *c2 = cholesky(m2, n);
show_matrix(c2, n);
free(c2);
return 0;
}

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(defn cholesky
[matrix]
(let [n (count matrix)
A (to-array-2d matrix)
L (make-array Double/TYPE n n)]
(doseq [i (range n) j (range (inc i))]
(let [s (reduce + (for [k (range j)] (* (aget L i k) (aget L j k))))]
(aset L i j (if (= i j)
(Math/sqrt (- (aget A i i) s))
(* (/ 1.0 (aget L j j)) (- (aget A i j) s))))))
(vec (map vec L))))

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(cholesky [[25 15 -5] [15 18 0] [-5 0 11]])
;=> [[ 5.0 0.0 0.0]
; [ 3.0 3.0 0.0]
; [-1.0 1.0 3.0]]
(cholesky [[18 22 54 42] [22 70 86 62] [54 86 174 134] [42 62 134 106]])
;=> [[ 4.242640687119285 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
; [ 5.185449728701349 6.565905201197403 0.0 0.0 ]
; [12.727922061357857 3.0460384954008553 1.6497422479090704 0.0 ]
; [ 9.899494936611667 1.624553864213788 1.8497110052313648 1.3926212476456026]]

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;; Calculates the Cholesky decomposition matrix L
;; for a positive-definite, symmetric nxn matrix A.
(defun chol (A)
(let* ((n (car (array-dimensions A)))
(L (make-array `(,n ,n) :initial-element 0)))
(do ((k 0 (incf k))) ((> k (- n 1)) nil)
;; First, calculate diagonal elements L_kk.
(setf (aref L k k)
(sqrt (- (aref A k k)
(do* ((j 0 (incf j))
(sum (expt (aref L k j) 2)
(incf sum (expt (aref L k j) 2))))
((> j (- k 1)) sum)))))
;; Then, all elements below a diagonal element, L_ik, i=k+1..n.
(do ((i (+ k 1) (incf i)))
((> i (- n 1)) nil)
(setf (aref L i k)
(/ (- (aref A i k)
(do* ((j 0 (incf j))
(sum (* (aref L i j) (aref L k j))
(incf sum (* (aref L i j) (aref L k j)))))
((> j (- k 1)) sum)))
(aref L k k)))))
;; Return the calculated matrix L.
L))

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;; Example 1:
(setf A (make-array '(3 3) :initial-contents '((25 15 -5) (15 18 0) (-5 0 11))))
(chol A)
#2A((5.0 0 0)
(3.0 3.0 0)
(-1.0 1.0 3.0))

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;; Example 2:
(setf B (make-array '(4 4) :initial-contents '((18 22 54 42) (22 70 86 62) (54 86 174 134) (42 62 134 106))))
(chol B)
#2A((4.2426405 0 0 0)
(5.18545 6.565905 0 0)
(12.727922 3.0460374 1.6497375 0)
(9.899495 1.6245536 1.849715 1.3926151))

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;; case of matrix stored as a list of lists (inner lists are rows of matrix)
;; as above, returns the Cholesky decomposition matrix of a square positive-definite, symmetric matrix
(defun cholesky (m)
(let ((l (list (list (sqrt (caar m))))) x (j 0) i)
(dolist (cm (cdr m) (mapcar #'(lambda (x) (nconc x (make-list (- (length m) (length x)) :initial-element 0))) l))
(setq x (list (/ (car cm) (caar l))) i 0)
(dolist (cl (cdr l))
(setf (cdr (last x)) (list (/ (- (elt cm (incf i)) (*v x cl)) (car (last cl))))))
(setf (cdr (last l)) (list (nconc x (list (sqrt (- (elt cm (incf j)) (*v x x))))))))))
;; where *v is the scalar product defined as
(defun *v (v1 v2) (reduce #'+ (mapcar #'* v1 v2)))

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;; example 1
CL-USER> (setf a '((25 15 -5) (15 18 0) (-5 0 11)))
((25 15 -5) (15 18 0) (-5 0 11))
CL-USER> (cholesky a)
((5 0 0) (3 3 0) (-1 1 3))
CL-USER> (format t "~{~{~5d~}~%~}" (cholesky a))
5 0 0
3 3 0
-1 1 3
NIL

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;; example 2
CL-USER> (setf a '((18 22 54 42) (22 70 86 62) (54 86 174 134) (42 62 134 106)))
((18 22 54 42) (22 70 86 62) (54 86 174 134) (42 62 134 106))
CL-USER> (cholesky a)
((4.2426405 0 0 0) (5.18545 6.565905 0 0) (12.727922 3.0460374 1.6497375 0) (9.899495 1.6245536 1.849715 1.3926151))
CL-USER> (format t "~{~{~10,5f~}~%~}" (cholesky a))
4.24264 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
5.18545 6.56591 0.00000 0.00000
12.72792 3.04604 1.64974 0.00000
9.89950 1.62455 1.84971 1.39262
NIL

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import std.stdio, std.math, std.numeric;
T[][] cholesky(T)(in T[][] A) pure nothrow /*@safe*/ {
auto L = new T[][](A.length, A.length);
foreach (immutable r, row; L)
row[r + 1 .. $] = 0;
foreach (immutable i; 0 .. A.length)
foreach (immutable j; 0 .. i + 1) {
auto t = dotProduct(L[i][0 .. j], L[j][0 .. j]);
L[i][j] = (i == j) ? (A[i][i] - t) ^^ 0.5 :
(1.0 / L[j][j] * (A[i][j] - t));
}
return L;
}
void main() {
immutable double[][] m1 = [[25, 15, -5],
[15, 18, 0],
[-5, 0, 11]];
writefln("%(%(%2.0f %)\n%)\n", m1.cholesky);
immutable double[][] m2 = [[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106]];
writefln("%(%(%2.3f %)\n%)", m2.cholesky);
}

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function Cholesky(a : array of Float) : array of Float;
var
i, j, k, n : Integer;
s : Float;
begin
n:=Round(Sqrt(a.Length));
Result:=new Float[n*n];
for i:=0 to n-1 do begin
for j:=0 to i do begin
s:=0 ;
for k:=0 to j-1 do
s+=Result[i*n+k] * Result[j*n+k];
if i=j then
Result[i*n+j]:=Sqrt(a[i*n+i]-s)
else Result[i*n+j]:=1/Result[j*n+j]*(a[i*n+j]-s);
end;
end;
end;
procedure ShowMatrix(a : array of Float);
var
i, j, n : Integer;
begin
n:=Round(Sqrt(a.Length));
for i:=0 to n-1 do begin
for j:=0 to n-1 do
Print(Format('%2.5f ', [a[i*n+j]]));
PrintLn('');
end;
end;
var m1 := new Float[9];
m1 := [ 25.0, 15.0, -5.0,
15.0, 18.0, 0.0,
-5.0, 0.0, 11.0 ];
var c1 := Cholesky(m1);
ShowMatrix(c1);
PrintLn('');
var m2 : array of Float := [ 18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0,
22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0,
54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0,
42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0 ];
var c2 := Cholesky(m2);
ShowMatrix(c2);

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open Microsoft.FSharp.Collections
let cholesky a =
let calc (a: float[,]) (l: float[,]) i j =
let c1 j =
let sum = List.sumBy (fun k -> l.[j, k] ** 2.0) [0..j - 1]
sqrt (a.[j, j] - sum)
let c2 i j =
let sum = List.sumBy (fun k -> l.[i, k] * l.[j, k]) [0..j - 1]
(1.0 / l.[j, j]) * (a.[i, j] - sum)
if j > i then 0.0 else
if i = j
then c1 j
else c2 i j
let l = Array2D.zeroCreate (Array2D.length1 a) (Array2D.length2 a)
Array2D.iteri (fun i j _ -> l.[i, j] <- calc a l i j) l
l
let printMat a =
let arrow = (Array2D.length2 a |> float) / 2.0 |> int
let c = cholesky a
for row in 0..(Array2D.length1 a) - 1 do
for col in 0..(Array2D.length2 a) - 1 do
printf "%.5f,\t" a.[row, col]
printf (if arrow = row then "--> \t" else "\t\t")
for col in 0..(Array2D.length2 c) - 1 do
printf "%.5f,\t" c.[row, col]
printfn ""
let ex1 = array2D [
[25.0; 15.0; -5.0];
[15.0; 18.0; 0.0];
[-5.0; 0.0; 11.0]]
let ex2 = array2D [
[18.0; 22.0; 54.0; 42.0];
[22.0; 70.0; 86.0; 62.0];
[54.0; 86.0; 174.0; 134.0];
[42.0; 62.0; 134.0; 106.0]]
printfn "ex1:"
printMat ex1
printfn "ex2:"
printMat ex2

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**
** Cholesky decomposition
**
class Main
{
// create an array of Floats, initialised to 0.0
Float[][] makeArray (Int i, Int j)
{
Float[][] result := [,]
i.times { result.add ([,]) }
i.times |Int x|
{
j.times
{
result[x].add(0f)
}
}
return result
}
// perform the Cholesky decomposition
Float[][] cholesky (Float[][] array)
{
m := array.size
Float[][] l := makeArray (m, m)
m.times |Int i|
{
(i+1).times |Int k|
{
Float sum := (0..<k).toList.reduce (0f) |Float a, Int j -> Float|
{
a + l[i][j] * l[k][j]
}
if (i == k)
l[i][k] = (array[i][i]-sum).sqrt
else
l[i][k] = (1.0f / l[k][k]) * (array[i][k] - sum)
}
}
return l
}
Void runTest (Float[][] array)
{
echo (array)
echo (cholesky (array))
}
Void main ()
{
runTest ([[25f,15f,-5f],[15f,18f,0f],[-5f,0f,11f]])
runTest ([[18f,22f,54f,42f],[22f,70f,86f,62f],[54f,86f,174f,134f],[42f,62f,134f,106f]])
}
}

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Program Cholesky_decomp
! *************************************************!
! LBH @ ULPGC 06/03/2014
! Compute the Cholesky decomposition for a matrix A
! after the attached
! http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition
! note that the matrix A is complex since there might
! be values, where the sqrt has complex solutions.
! Here, only the real values are taken into account
!*************************************************!
implicit none
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: m=3 !rows
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: n=3 !cols
COMPLEX, DIMENSION(m,n) :: A
REAL, DIMENSION(m,n) :: L
REAL :: sum1, sum2
INTEGER i,j,k
! Assign values to the matrix
A(1,:)=(/ 25, 15, -5 /)
A(2,:)=(/ 15, 18, 0 /)
A(3,:)=(/ -5, 0, 11 /)
! !!!!!!!!!!!another example!!!!!!!
! A(1,:) = (/ 18, 22, 54, 42 /)
! A(2,:) = (/ 22, 70, 86, 62 /)
! A(3,:) = (/ 54, 86, 174, 134 /)
! A(4,:) = (/ 42, 62, 134, 106 /)
! Initialize values
L(1,1)=real(sqrt(A(1,1)))
L(2,1)=A(2,1)/L(1,1)
L(2,2)=real(sqrt(A(2,2)-L(2,1)*L(2,1)))
L(3,1)=A(3,1)/L(1,1)
! for greater order than m,n=3 add initial row value
! for instance if m,n=4 then add the following line
! L(4,1)=A(4,1)/L(1,1)
do i=1,n
do k=1,i
sum1=0
sum2=0
do j=1,k-1
if (i==k) then
sum1=sum1+(L(k,j)*L(k,j))
L(k,k)=real(sqrt(A(k,k)-sum1))
elseif (i > k) then
sum2=sum2+(L(i,j)*L(k,j))
L(i,k)=(1/L(k,k))*(A(i,k)-sum2)
else
L(i,k)=0
end if
end do
end do
end do
! write output
do i=1,m
print "(3(1X,F6.1))",L(i,:)
end do
End program Cholesky_decomp

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' version 18-01-2017
' compile with: fbc -s console
Sub Cholesky_decomp(array() As Double)
Dim As Integer i, j, k
Dim As Double s, l(UBound(array), UBound(array, 2))
For i = 0 To UBound(array)
For j = 0 To i
s = 0
For k = 0 To j -1
s += l(i, k) * l(j, k)
Next
If i = j Then
l(i, j) = Sqr(array(i, i) - s)
Else
l(i, j) = (array(i, j) - s) / l(j, j)
End If
Next
Next
For i = 0 To UBound(array)
For j = 0 To UBound(array, 2)
Swap array(i, j), l(i, j)
Next
Next
End Sub
Sub Print_(array() As Double)
Dim As Integer i, j
For i = 0 To UBound(array)
For j = 0 To UBound(array, 2)
Print Using "###.#####";array(i,j);
Next
Print
Next
End Sub
' ------=< MAIN >=------
Dim m1(2,2) As Double => {{25, 15, -5}, _
{15, 18, 0}, _
{-5, 0, 11}}
Dim m2(3, 3) As Double => {{18, 22, 54, 42}, _
{22, 70, 86, 62}, _
{54, 86, 174, 134}, _
{42, 62, 134, 106}}
Cholesky_decomp(m1())
Print_(m1())
Print
Cholesky_decomp(m2())
Print_(m2())
' empty keyboard buffer
While Inkey <> "" : Wend
Print : Print "hit any key to end program"
Sleep
End

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Cholesky[array] :=
{
n = length[array]
L = new array[[n,n], 0]
for j = 0 to n-1
{
sum = 0
for k = 0 to j-1
sum = sum + (L@j@k)^2
L@j@j = sqrt[array@j@j - sum]
for i = j+1 to n-1
{
sum = 0
for k = 0 to j-1
sum = sum + L@i@k * L@j@k
L@i@j = (1 / L@j@j * (array@i@j -sum))
}
}
return L
}
A = [[ 25, 15, -5],
[ 15, 18, 0],
[ -5, 0, 11]]
println[formatTable[[[formatMatrix[A], "->", formatMatrix[Cholesky[A]]]]]]
B = [[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106]]
println[formatTable[[[formatMatrix[B], "->", formatMatrix[formatFix[Cholesky[B], 1, 5]]]]]]

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package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
)
// symmetric and lower use a packed representation that stores only
// the lower triangle.
type symmetric struct {
order int
ele []float64
}
type lower struct {
order int
ele []float64
}
// symmetric.print prints a square matrix from the packed representation,
// printing the upper triange as a transpose of the lower.
func (s *symmetric) print() {
const eleFmt = "%10.5f "
row, diag := 1, 0
for i, e := range s.ele {
fmt.Printf(eleFmt, e)
if i == diag {
for j, col := diag+row, row; col < s.order; j += col {
fmt.Printf(eleFmt, s.ele[j])
col++
}
fmt.Println()
row++
diag += row
}
}
}
// lower.print prints a square matrix from the packed representation,
// printing the upper triangle as all zeros.
func (l *lower) print() {
const eleFmt = "%10.5f "
row, diag := 1, 0
for i, e := range l.ele {
fmt.Printf(eleFmt, e)
if i == diag {
for j := row; j < l.order; j++ {
fmt.Printf(eleFmt, 0.)
}
fmt.Println()
row++
diag += row
}
}
}
// choleskyLower returns the cholesky decomposition of a symmetric real
// matrix. The matrix must be positive definite but this is not checked.
func (a *symmetric) choleskyLower() *lower {
l := &lower{a.order, make([]float64, len(a.ele))}
row, col := 1, 1
dr := 0 // index of diagonal element at end of row
dc := 0 // index of diagonal element at top of column
for i, e := range a.ele {
if i < dr {
d := (e - l.ele[i]) / l.ele[dc]
l.ele[i] = d
ci, cx := col, dc
for j := i + 1; j <= dr; j++ {
cx += ci
ci++
l.ele[j] += d * l.ele[cx]
}
col++
dc += col
} else {
l.ele[i] = math.Sqrt(e - l.ele[i])
row++
dr += row
col = 1
dc = 0
}
}
return l
}
func main() {
demo(&symmetric{3, []float64{
25,
15, 18,
-5, 0, 11}})
demo(&symmetric{4, []float64{
18,
22, 70,
54, 86, 174,
42, 62, 134, 106}})
}
func demo(a *symmetric) {
fmt.Println("A:")
a.print()
fmt.Println("L:")
a.choleskyLower().print()
}

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package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/cmplx"
)
type matrix struct {
stride int
ele []complex128
}
func like(a *matrix) *matrix {
return &matrix{a.stride, make([]complex128, len(a.ele))}
}
func (m *matrix) print(heading string) {
if heading > "" {
fmt.Print("\n", heading, "\n")
}
for e := 0; e < len(m.ele); e += m.stride {
fmt.Printf("%7.2f ", m.ele[e:e+m.stride])
fmt.Println()
}
}
func (a *matrix) choleskyDecomp() *matrix {
l := like(a)
// Cholesky-Banachiewicz algorithm
for r, rxc0 := 0, 0; r < a.stride; r++ {
// calculate elements along row, up to diagonal
x := rxc0
for c, cxc0 := 0, 0; c < r; c++ {
sum := a.ele[x]
for k := 0; k < c; k++ {
sum -= l.ele[rxc0+k] * cmplx.Conj(l.ele[cxc0+k])
}
l.ele[x] = sum / l.ele[cxc0+c]
x++
cxc0 += a.stride
}
// calcualate diagonal element
sum := a.ele[x]
for k := 0; k < r; k++ {
sum -= l.ele[rxc0+k] * cmplx.Conj(l.ele[rxc0+k])
}
l.ele[x] = cmplx.Sqrt(sum)
rxc0 += a.stride
}
return l
}
func main() {
demo("A:", &matrix{3, []complex128{
25, 15, -5,
15, 18, 0,
-5, 0, 11,
}})
demo("A:", &matrix{4, []complex128{
18, 22, 54, 42,
22, 70, 86, 62,
54, 86, 174, 134,
42, 62, 134, 106,
}})
// one more example, from the Numpy manual, with a non-real
demo("A:", &matrix{2, []complex128{
1, -2i,
2i, 5,
}})
}
func demo(heading string, a *matrix) {
a.print(heading)
a.choleskyDecomp().print("Cholesky factor L:")
}

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package main
import (
"fmt"
"gonum.org/v1/gonum/mat"
)
func cholesky(order int, elements []float64) fmt.Formatter {
var c mat.Cholesky
c.Factorize(mat.NewSymDense(order, elements))
return mat.Formatted(c.LTo(nil))
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(cholesky(3, []float64{
25, 15, -5,
15, 18, 0,
-5, 0, 11,
}))
fmt.Printf("\n%.5f\n", cholesky(4, []float64{
18, 22, 54, 42,
22, 70, 86, 62,
54, 86, 174, 134,
42, 62, 134, 106,
}))
}

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package main
import (
"fmt"
mat "github.com/skelterjohn/go.matrix"
)
func main() {
demo(mat.MakeDenseMatrix([]float64{
25, 15, -5,
15, 18, 0,
-5, 0, 11,
}, 3, 3))
demo(mat.MakeDenseMatrix([]float64{
18, 22, 54, 42,
22, 70, 86, 62,
54, 86, 174, 134,
42, 62, 134, 106,
}, 4, 4))
}
func demo(m *mat.DenseMatrix) {
fmt.Println("A:")
fmt.Println(m)
l, err := m.Cholesky()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
fmt.Println("L:")
fmt.Println(l)
}

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def decompose = { a ->
assert a.size > 0 && a[0].size == a.size
def m = a.size
def l = [].withEagerDefault { [].withEagerDefault { 0 } }
(0..<m).each { i ->
(0..i).each { k ->
Number s = (0..<k).sum { j -> l[i][j] * l[k][j] } ?: 0
l[i][k] = (i == k)
? Math.sqrt(a[i][i] - s)
: (1.0 / l[k][k] * (a[i][k] - s))
}
}
l
}

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@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
def test1 = [[25, 15, -5],
[15, 18, 0],
[-5, 0, 11]]
def test2 = [[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106]];
[test1,test2]. each { test ->
println()
decompose(test).each { println it[0..<(test.size)] }
}

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module Cholesky (Arr, cholesky) where
import Data.Array.IArray
import Data.Array.MArray
import Data.Array.Unboxed
import Data.Array.ST
type Idx = (Int,Int)
type Arr = UArray Idx Double
-- Return the (i,j) element of the lower triangular matrix. (We assume the
-- lower array bound is (0,0).)
get :: Arr -> Arr -> Idx -> Double
get a l (i,j) | i == j = sqrt $ a!(j,j) - dot
| i > j = (a!(i,j) - dot) / l!(j,j)
| otherwise = 0
where dot = sum [l!(i,k) * l!(j,k) | k <- [0..j-1]]
-- Return the lower triangular matrix of a Cholesky decomposition. We assume
-- the input is a real, symmetric, positive-definite matrix, with lower array
-- bounds of (0,0).
cholesky :: Arr -> Arr
cholesky a = let n = maxBnd a
in runSTUArray $ do
l <- thaw a
mapM_ (update a l) [(i,j) | i <- [0..n], j <- [0..n]]
return l
where maxBnd = fst . snd . bounds
update a l i = unsafeFreeze l >>= \l' -> writeArray l i (get a l' i)

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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
import Data.Array.IArray
import Data.List
import Cholesky
fm _ [] = ""
fm _ [x] = fst x
fm width ((a,b):xs) = a ++ (take (width - b) $ cycle " ") ++ (fm width xs)
fmt width row (xs,[]) = fm width xs
fmt width row (xs,ys) = fm width xs ++ "\n" ++ fmt width row (splitAt row ys)
showMatrice row xs = ys where
vs = map (\s -> let sh = show s in (sh,length sh)) xs
width = (maximum $ snd $ unzip vs) + 1
ys = fmt width row (splitAt row vs)
ex1, ex2 :: Arr
ex1 = listArray ((0,0),(2,2)) [25, 15, -5,
15, 18, 0,
-5, 0, 11]
ex2 = listArray ((0,0),(3,3)) [18, 22, 54, 42,
22, 70, 86, 62,
54, 86, 174, 134,
42, 62, 134, 106]
main :: IO ()
main = do
putStrLn $ showMatrice 3 $ elems $ cholesky ex1
putStrLn $ showMatrice 4 $ elems $ cholesky ex2

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@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
import Numeric.LinearAlgebra
a,b :: Matrix R
a = (3><3)
[25, 15, -5
,15, 18, 0
,-5, 0, 11]
b = (4><4)
[ 18, 22, 54, 42
, 22, 70, 86, 62
, 54, 86,174,134
, 42, 62,134,106]
main = do
let sa = sym a
sb = sym b
print sa
print $ chol sa
print sb
print $ chol sb
print $ tr $ chol sb

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procedure cholesky (array)
result := make_square_array (*array)
every (i := 1 to *array) do {
every (k := 1 to i) do {
sum := 0
every (j := 1 to (k-1)) do {
sum +:= result[i][j] * result[k][j]
}
if (i = k)
then result[i][k] := sqrt(array[i][i] - sum)
else result[i][k] := 1.0 / result[k][k] * (array[i][k] - sum)
}
}
return result
end
procedure make_square_array (n)
result := []
every (1 to n) do push (result, list(n, 0))
return result
end
procedure print_array (array)
every (row := !array) do {
every writes (!row || " ")
write ()
}
end
procedure do_cholesky (array)
write ("Input:")
print_array (array)
result := cholesky (array)
write ("Result:")
print_array (result)
end
procedure main ()
do_cholesky ([[25,15,-5],[15,18,0],[-5,0,11]])
do_cholesky ([[18,22,54,42],[22,70,86,62],[54,86,174,134],[42,62,134,106]])
end

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module Main
import Data.Vect
Matrix : Nat -> Nat -> Type -> Type
Matrix m n t = Vect m (Vect n t)
zeros : (m : Nat) -> (n : Nat) -> Matrix m n Double
zeros m n = replicate m (replicate n 0.0)
indexM : (Fin m, Fin n) -> Matrix m n t -> t
indexM (i, j) a = index j (index i a)
replaceAtM : (Fin m, Fin n) -> t -> Matrix m n t -> Matrix m n t
replaceAtM (i, j) e a = replaceAt i (replaceAt j e (index i a)) a
get : Matrix m m Double -> Matrix m m Double -> (Fin m, Fin m) -> Double
get a l (i, j) {m} = if i == j then sqrt $ indexM (j, j) a - dot
else if i > j then (indexM (i, j) a - dot) / indexM (j, j) l
else 0.0
where
-- Obtain indicies 0 to j -1
ks : List (Fin m)
ks = case (findIndices (\_ => True) a) of
[] => []
(x::xs) => init (x::xs)
dot : Double
dot = sum [(indexM (i, k) l) * (indexM (j, k) l) | k <- ks]
updateL : Matrix m m Double -> Matrix m m Double -> (Fin m, Fin m) -> Matrix m m Double
updateL a l idx = replaceAtM idx (get a l idx) l
cholesky : Matrix m m Double -> Matrix m m Double
cholesky a {m} =
foldl (\l',i =>
foldl (\l'',j => updateL a l'' (i, j)) l' (js i))
l is
where l = zeros m m
is : List (Fin m)
is = findIndices (\_ => True) a
js : Fin m -> List (Fin m)
js n = filter (<= n) is
ex1 : Matrix 3 3 Double
ex1 = cholesky [[25.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, 11.0]]
ex2 : Matrix 4 4 Double
ex2 = cholesky [[18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0], [22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0],
[54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0], [42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0]]
main : IO ()
main = do
print ex1
putStrLn "\n"
print ex2
putStrLn "\n"

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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
mp=: +/ . * NB. matrix product
h =: +@|: NB. conjugate transpose
cholesky=: 3 : 0
n=. #A=. y
if. 1>:n do.
assert. (A=|A)>0=A NB. check for positive definite
%:A
else.
'X Y t Z'=. , (;~n$(>.-:n){.1) <;.1 A
L0=. cholesky X
L1=. cholesky Z-(T=.(h Y) mp %.X) mp Y
L0,(T mp L0),.L1
end.
)

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@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
eg1=: 25 15 _5 , 15 18 0 ,: _5 0 11
eg2=: 18 22 54 42 , 22 70 86 62 , 54 86 174 134 ,: 42 62 134 106
cholesky eg1
5 0 0
3 3 0
_1 1 3
cholesky eg2
4.24264 0 0 0
5.18545 6.56591 0 0
12.7279 3.04604 1.64974 0
9.89949 1.62455 1.84971 1.39262

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@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
load 'math/lapack'
load 'math/lapack/potrf'
potrf_jlapack_ eg1
5 0 0
3 3 0
_1 1 3
potrf_jlapack_ eg2
4.24264 0 0 0
5.18545 6.56591 0 0
12.7279 3.04604 1.64974 0
9.89949 1.62455 1.84971 1.39262

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import java.util.Arrays;
public class Cholesky {
public static double[][] chol(double[][] a){
int m = a.length;
double[][] l = new double[m][m]; //automatically initialzed to 0's
for(int i = 0; i< m;i++){
for(int k = 0; k < (i+1); k++){
double sum = 0;
for(int j = 0; j < k; j++){
sum += l[i][j] * l[k][j];
}
l[i][k] = (i == k) ? Math.sqrt(a[i][i] - sum) :
(1.0 / l[k][k] * (a[i][k] - sum));
}
}
return l;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
double[][] test1 = {{25, 15, -5},
{15, 18, 0},
{-5, 0, 11}};
System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(chol(test1)));
double[][] test2 = {{18, 22, 54, 42},
{22, 70, 86, 62},
{54, 86, 174, 134},
{42, 62, 134, 106}};
System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(chol(test2)));
}
}

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const cholesky = function (array) {
const zeros = [...Array(array.length)].map( _ => Array(array.length).fill(0));
const L = zeros.map((row, r, xL) => row.map((v, c) => {
const sum = row.reduce((s, _, i) => i < c ? s + xL[r][i] * xL[c][i] : s, 0);
return xL[r][c] = c < r + 1 ? r === c ? Math.sqrt(array[r][r] - sum) : (array[r][c] - sum) / xL[c][c] : v;
}));
return L;
}
let arr3 = [[25, 15, -5], [15, 18, 0], [-5, 0, 11]];
console.log(cholesky(arr3));
let arr4 = [[18, 22, 54, 42], [22, 70, 86, 62], [54, 86, 174, 134], [42, 62, 134, 106]];
console.log(cholesky(arr4));

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# Create an m x n matrix
def matrix(m; n; init):
if m == 0 then []
elif m == 1 then [range(0; n)] | map(init)
elif m > 0 then
matrix(1; n; init) as $row
| [range(0; m)] | map( $row )
else error("matrix\(m);_;_) invalid")
end ;
# Print a matrix neatly, each cell ideally occupying n spaces,
# but without truncation
def neatly(n):
def right: tostring | ( " " * (n-length) + .);
. as $in
| length as $length
| reduce range (0; $length) as $i
(""; . + reduce range(0; $length) as $j
(""; "\(.) \($in[$i][$j] | right )" ) + "\n" ) ;
def is_square:
type == "array" and (map(type == "array") | all) and
length == 0 or ( (.[0]|length) as $l | map(length == $l) | all) ;
# This implementation of is_symmetric/0 uses a helper function that circumvents
# limitations of jq 1.4:
def is_symmetric:
# [matrix, i,j, len]
def test:
if .[1] > .[3] then true
elif .[1] == .[2] then [ .[0], .[1] + 1, 0, .[3]] | test
elif .[0][.[1]][.[2]] == .[0][.[2]][.[1]]
then [ .[0], .[1], .[2]+1, .[3]] | test
else false
end;
if is_square|not then false
else [ ., 0, 0, length ] | test
end ;

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@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
def cholesky_factor:
if is_symmetric then
length as $length
| . as $self
| reduce range(0; $length) as $k
( matrix(length; length; 0); # the matrix that will hold the answer
reduce range(0; $length) as $i
(.;
if $i == $k
then (. as $lower
| reduce range(0; $k) as $j
(0; . + ($lower[$k][$j] | .*.) )) as $sum
| .[$k][$k] = (($self[$k][$k] - $sum) | sqrt)
elif $i > $k
then (. as $lower
| reduce range(0; $k) as $j
(0; . + $lower[$i][$j] * $lower[$k][$j])) as $sum
| .[$i][$k] = (($self[$k][$i] - $sum) / .[$k][$k] )
else .
end ))
else error( "cholesky_factor: matrix is not symmetric" )
end ;

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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
4.242640687119285 0 0 0
5.185449728701349 6.565905201197403 0 0
12.727922061357857 3.0460384954008553 1.6497422479090704 0
9.899494936611665 1.6245538642137891 1.849711005231382 1.3926212476455924

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@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
a = [25 15 5; 15 18 0; -5 0 11]
b = [18 22 54 22; 22 70 86 62; 54 86 174 134; 42 62 134 106]
println(a, "\n => \n", chol(a, :L))
println(b, "\n => \n", chol(b, :L))

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// version 1.0.6
fun cholesky(a: DoubleArray): DoubleArray {
val n = Math.sqrt(a.size.toDouble()).toInt()
val l = DoubleArray(a.size)
var s: Double
for (i in 0 until n)
for (j in 0 .. i) {
s = 0.0
for (k in 0 until j) s += l[i * n + k] * l[j * n + k]
l[i * n + j] = when {
(i == j) -> Math.sqrt(a[i * n + i] - s)
else -> 1.0 / l[j * n + j] * (a[i * n + j] - s)
}
}
return l
}
fun showMatrix(a: DoubleArray) {
val n = Math.sqrt(a.size.toDouble()).toInt()
for (i in 0 until n) {
for (j in 0 until n) print("%8.5f ".format(a[i * n + j]))
println()
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val m1 = doubleArrayOf(25.0, 15.0, -5.0,
15.0, 18.0, 0.0,
-5.0, 0.0, 11.0)
val c1 = cholesky(m1)
showMatrix(c1)
println()
val m2 = doubleArrayOf(18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0,
22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0,
54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0,
42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0)
val c2 = cholesky(m2)
showMatrix(c2)
}

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import std
// choleskyLower returns the cholesky decomposition of a symmetric real
// matrix. The matrix must be positive definite but this is not checked
def choleskyLower(order, a) -> [float]:
let l = map(a.length): 0.0
var row, col = 1, 1
var dr = 0 // index of diagonal element at end of row
var dc = 0 // index of diagonal element at top of column
for(a) e, i:
if i < dr:
let d = (e - l[i]) / l[dc]
l[i] = d
var ci, cx = col, dc
var j = i + 1
while j <= dr:
cx += ci
ci += 1
l[j] += d * l[cx]
j += 1
col += 1
dc += col
else:
l[i] = sqrt(e - l[i])
row += 1
dr += row
col = 1
dc = 0
return l
// symmetric.print prints a square matrix from the packed representation,
// printing the upper triange as a transpose of the lower
def print_symmetric(order, s):
//const eleFmt = "%10.5f "
var str = ""
var row, diag = 1, 0
for(s) e, i:
str += e + " " // format?
if i == diag:
var j, col = diag+row, row
while col < order:
str += s[j] + " " // format?
col++
j += col
print(str); str = ""
row += 1
diag += row
// lower.print prints a square matrix from the packed representation,
// printing the upper triangle as all zeros.
def print_lower(order, l):
//const eleFmt = "%10.5f "
var str = ""
var row, diag = 1, 0
for(l) e, i:
str += e + " " // format?
if i == diag:
var j = row
while j < order:
str += 0.0 + " " // format?
j += 1
print(str); str = ""
row += 1
diag += row
def demo(order, a):
print("A:")
print_symmetric(order, a)
print("L:")
print_lower(order, choleskyLower(order, a))
demo(3, [25.0,
15.0, 18.0,
-5.0, 0.0, 11.0])
demo(4, [18.0,
22.0, 70.0,
54.0, 86.0, 174.0,
42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0])

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@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
A = [
25 15 -5
15 18 0
-5 0 11 ];
B = [
18 22 54 42
22 70 86 62
54 86 174 134
42 62 134 106 ];
[L] = chol(A,'lower')
[L] = chol(B,'lower')

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@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
> A := << 25, 15, -5; 15, 18, 0; -5, 0, 11 >>;
[25 15 -5]
[ ]
A := [15 18 0]
[ ]
[-5 0 11]
> B := << 18, 22, 54, 42; 22, 70, 86, 62; 54, 86, 174, 134; 42, 62, 134, 106>>;
[18 22 54 42]
[ ]
[22 70 86 62]
B := [ ]
[54 86 174 134]
[ ]
[42 62 134 106]
> use LinearAlgebra in
> LUDecomposition( A, method = Cholesky );
> LUDecomposition( B, method = Cholesky );
> evalf( % );
> end use;
[ 5 0 0]
[ ]
[ 3 3 0]
[ ]
[-1 1 3]
[ 1/2 ]
[3 2 0 0 0 ]
[ ]
[ 1/2 1/2 ]
[11 2 2 97 ]
[------- ------- 0 0 ]
[ 3 3 ]
[ ]
[ 1/2 1/2 ]
[ 1/2 30 97 2 6402 ]
[9 2 -------- --------- 0 ]
[ 97 97 ]
[ ]
[ 1/2 1/2 1/2]
[ 1/2 16 97 74 6402 8 33 ]
[7 2 -------- ---------- -------]
[ 97 3201 33 ]
[4.242640686 0. 0. 0. ]
[ ]
[5.185449728 6.565905202 0. 0. ]
[ ]
[12.72792206 3.046038495 1.649742248 0. ]
[ ]
[9.899494934 1.624553864 1.849711006 1.392621248]

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@ -0,0 +1 @@
CholeskyDecomposition[{{25, 15, -5}, {15, 18, 0}, {-5, 0, 11}}]

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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
chol[A_] :=
Module[{L},
L[k_, k_] := L[k, k] = Sqrt[A[[k, k]] - Sum[L[k, j]^2, {j, 1, k-1}]];
L[i_, k_] := L[i, k] = L[k, k]^-1 (A[[i, k]] - Sum[L[i, j] L[k, j], {j, 1, k-1}]);
PadRight[Table[L[i, j], {i, Length[A]}, {j, i}]]
]

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/* Cholesky decomposition is built-in */
a: hilbert_matrix(4)$
b: cholesky(a);
/* matrix([1, 0, 0, 0 ],
[1/2, 1/(2*sqrt(3)), 0, 0 ],
[1/3, 1/(2*sqrt(3)), 1/(6*sqrt(5)), 0 ],
[1/4, 3^(3/2)/20, 1/(4*sqrt(5)), 1/(20*sqrt(7))]) */
b . transpose(b) - a;
matrix([0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0])

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import math, strutils, strformat
type Matrix[N: static int, T: SomeFloat] = array[N, array[N, T]]
proc cholesky[Matrix](a: Matrix): Matrix =
for i in 0 ..< a[0].len:
for j in 0 .. i:
var s = 0.0
for k in 0 ..< j:
s += result[i][k] * result[j][k]
result[i][j] = if i == j: sqrt(a[i][i]-s)
else: 1.0 / result[j][j] * (a[i][j] - s)
proc `$`(a: Matrix): string =
result = ""
for b in a:
var line = ""
for c in b:
line.addSep(" ", 0)
line.add fmt"{c:8.5f}"
result.add line & '\n'
let m1 = [[25.0, 15.0, -5.0],
[15.0, 18.0, 0.0],
[-5.0, 0.0, 11.0]]
echo cholesky(m1)
let m2 = [[18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0],
[22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0],
[54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0],
[42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0]]
echo cholesky(m2)

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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
let cholesky inp =
let n = Array.length inp in
let res = Array.make_matrix n n 0.0 in
let factor i k =
let rec sum j =
if j = k then 0.0 else
res.(i).(j) *. res.(k).(j) +. sum (j+1) in
inp.(i).(k) -. sum 0 in
for col = 0 to n-1 do
res.(col).(col) <- sqrt (factor col col);
for row = col+1 to n-1 do
res.(row).(col) <- (factor row col) /. res.(col).(col)
done
done;
res
let pr_vec v = Array.iter (Printf.printf " %9.5f") v; print_newline()
let show = Array.iter pr_vec
let test a =
print_endline "\nin:"; show a;
print_endline "out:"; show (cholesky a)
let _ =
test [| [|25.0; 15.0; -5.0|];
[|15.0; 18.0; 0.0|];
[|-5.0; 0.0; 11.0|] |];
test [| [|18.0; 22.0; 54.0; 42.0|];
[|22.0; 70.0; 86.0; 62.0|];
[|54.0; 86.0; 174.0; 134.0|];
[|42.0; 62.0; 134.0; 106.0|] |];

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class Cholesky {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
n := 3;
m1 := [25.0, 15.0, -5.0, 15.0, 18.0, 0.0, -5.0, 0.0, 11.0];
c1 := Cholesky(m1, n);
ShowMatrix(c1, n);
IO.Console->PrintLine();
n := 4;
m2 := [18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0, 22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0,
54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0, 42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0];
c2 := Cholesky(m2, n);
ShowMatrix(c2, n);
}
function : ShowMatrix(A : Float[], n : Int) ~ Nil {
for (i := 0; i < n; i+=1;) {
for (j := 0; j < n; j+=1;) {
IO.Console->Print(A[i * n + j])->Print('\t');
};
IO.Console->PrintLine();
};
}
function : Cholesky(A : Float[], n : Int) ~ Float[] {
L := Float->New[n * n];
for (i := 0; i < n; i+=1;) {
for (j := 0; j < (i+1); j+=1;) {
s := 0.0;
for (k := 0; k < j; k+=1;) {
s += L[i * n + k] * L[j * n + k];
};
L[i * n + j] := (i = j) ?
(A[i * n + i] - s)->SquareRoot() :
(1.0 / L[j * n + j] * (A[i * n + j] - s));
};
};
return L;
}
}

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/*REXX program performs the Cholesky decomposition on a square matrix. */
niner = '25 15 -5' , /*define a 3x3 matrix. */
'15 18 0' ,
'-5 0 11'
call Cholesky niner
hexer = 18 22 54 42, /*define a 4x4 matrix. */
22 70 86 62,
54 86 174 134,
42 62 134 106
call Cholesky hexer
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Cholesky: procedure; parse arg mat; say; say; call tell 'input matrix',mat
do r=1 for ord
do c=1 for r; d=0; do i=1 for c-1; d=d+!.r.i*!.c.i; end /*i*/
if r=c then !.r.r=sqrt(!.r.r-d)
else !.r.c=1/!.c.c*(a.r.c-d)
end /*c*/
end /*r*/
call tell 'Cholesky factor',,!.,'-'
return
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
err: say; say; say '***error***!'; say; say arg(1); say; say; exit 13
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
tell: parse arg hdr,x,y,sep; n=0; if sep=='' then sep='-'
dPlaces= 5 /*n decimal places past the decimal point*/
width =10 /*width of field used to display elements*/
if y=='' then !.=0
else do row=1 for ord; do col=1 for ord; x=x !.row.col; end; end
w=words(x)
do ord=1 until ord**2>=w; end /*a fast way to find matrix's order*/
say
if ord**2\==w then call err "matrix elements don't form a square matrix."
say center(hdr, ((width+1)*w)%ord, sep)
say
do row=1 for ord; z=''
do col=1 for ord; n=n+1
a.row.col=word(x,n)
if col<=row then !.row.col=a.row.col
z=z right( format(a.row.col,, dPlaces) / 1, width)
end /*col*/
say z
end /*row*/
return
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
sqrt: procedure; parse arg x; if x=0 then return 0; d=digits(); i=''; m.=9
numeric digits 9; numeric form; h=d+6; if x<0 then do; x=-x; i='i'; end
parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g 'E' _ .; g=g*.5'e'_%2
do j=0 while h>9; m.j=h; h=h%2+1; end /*j*/
do k=j+5 to 0 by -1; numeric digits m.k; g=(g+x/g)*.5; end /*k*/
numeric digits d; return (g/1)i /*make complex if X < 0.*/

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cholesky(M) =
{
my (L = matrix(#M,#M));
for (i = 1, #M,
for (j = 1, i,
s = sum (k = 1, j-1, L[i,k] * L[j,k]);
L[i,j] = if (i == j, sqrt(M[i,i] - s), (M[i,j] - s) / L[j,j])
)
);
L
}

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(subscriptrange):
decompose: procedure options (main); /* 31 October 2013 */
declare a(*,*) float controlled;
allocate a(3,3) initial (25, 15, -5,
15, 18, 0,
-5, 0, 11);
put skip list ('Original matrix:');
put edit (a) (skip, 3 f(4));
call cholesky(a);
put skip list ('Decomposed matrix');
put edit (a) (skip, 3 f(4));
free a;
allocate a(4,4) initial (18, 22, 54, 42,
22, 70, 86, 62,
54, 86, 174, 134,
42, 62, 134, 106);
put skip list ('Original matrix:');
put edit (a) (skip, (hbound(a,1)) f(12) );
call cholesky(a);
put skip list ('Decomposed matrix');
put edit (a) (skip, (hbound(a,1)) f(12,5) );
cholesky: procedure(a);
declare a(*,*) float;
declare L(hbound(a,1), hbound(a,2)) float;
declare s float;
declare (i, j, k) fixed binary;
L = 0;
do i = lbound(a,1) to hbound(a,1);
do j = lbound(a,2) to i;
s = 0;
do k = lbound(a,2) to j-1;
s = s + L(i,k) * L(j,k);
end;
if i = j then
L(i,j) = sqrt(a(i,i) - s);
else
L(i,j) = (a(i,j) - s) / L(j,j);
end;
end;
a = L;
end cholesky;
end decompose;

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program CholeskyApp;
type
D2Array = array of array of double;
function cholesky(const A: D2Array): D2Array;
var
i, j, k: integer;
s: double;
begin
setlength(Result, length(A), length(A));
for i := low(Result) to high(Result) do
for j := 0 to i do
begin
s := 0;
for k := 0 to j - 1 do
s := s + Result[i][k] * Result[j][k];
if i = j then
Result[i][j] := sqrt(A[i][i] - s)
else
Result[i][j] := (A[i][j] - s) / Result[j][j]; // save one multiplication compared to the original
end;
end;
procedure printM(const A: D2Array);
var
i, j: integer;
begin
for i := low(A) to high(A) do
begin
for j := low(A) to high(A) do
write(A[i, j]: 8: 5);
writeln;
end;
end;
const
m1: array[0..2, 0..2] of double = ((25, 15, -5), (15, 18, 0), (-5, 0, 11));
m2: array[0..3, 0..3] of double = ((18, 22, 54, 42), (22, 70, 86, 62), (54, 86,
174, 134), (42, 62, 134, 106));
var
index, i: integer;
cIn, cOut: D2Array;
begin
setlength(cIn, length(m1), length(m1));
for index := low(m1) to high(m1) do
begin
SetLength(cIn[index], length(m1[index]));
for i := 0 to High(m1[Index]) do
cIn[index][i] := m1[index][i];
end;
cOut := cholesky(cIn);
printM(cOut);
writeln;
setlength(cIn, length(m2), length(m2));
for index := low(m2) to high(m2) do
begin
SetLength(cIn[index], length(m2[Index]));
for i := 0 to High(m2[Index]) do
cIn[index][i] := m2[index][i];
end;
cOut := cholesky(cIn);
printM(cOut);
end.

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@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
sub cholesky {
my $matrix = shift;
my $chol = [ map { [(0) x @$matrix ] } @$matrix ];
for my $row (0..@$matrix-1) {
for my $col (0..$row) {
my $x = $$matrix[$row][$col];
$x -= $$chol[$row][$_]*$$chol[$col][$_] for 0..$col;
$$chol[$row][$col] = $row == $col ? sqrt $x : $x/$$chol[$col][$col];
}
}
return $chol;
}
my $example1 = [ [ 25, 15, -5 ],
[ 15, 18, 0 ],
[ -5, 0, 11 ] ];
print "Example 1:\n";
print +(map { sprintf "%7.4f\t", $_ } @$_), "\n" for @{ cholesky $example1 };
my $example2 = [ [ 18, 22, 54, 42],
[ 22, 70, 86, 62],
[ 54, 86, 174, 134],
[ 42, 62, 134, 106] ];
print "\nExample 2:\n";
print +(map { sprintf "%7.4f\t", $_ } @$_), "\n" for @{ cholesky $example2 };

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@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
(phixonline)-->
<span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">javascript_semantics</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">cholesky</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">matrix</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">matrix</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">chol</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">l</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">l</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">row</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">col</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">row</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">atom</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">matrix</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">row</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">][</span><span style="color: #000000;">col</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">col</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">x</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">chol</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">row</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">][</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">*</span> <span style="color: #000000;">chol</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">col</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">][</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">chol</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">row</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">][</span><span style="color: #000000;">col</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">row</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">==</span> <span style="color: #000000;">col</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">sqrt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">chol</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">col</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">][</span><span style="color: #000000;">col</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">chol</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">ppOpt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">({</span><span style="color: #004600;">pp_Nest</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">pp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">cholesky</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">({{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">25</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">18</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">11</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">}}))</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">pp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">cholesky</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">({{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">18</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">22</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">54</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">42</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">22</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">70</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">86</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">62</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">54</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">86</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">174</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">134</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">42</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">62</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">134</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">106</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}}))</span>
<!--

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@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
(scl 9)
(load "@lib/math.l")
(de cholesky (A)
(let L (mapcar '(() (need (length A) 0)) A)
(for (I . R) A
(for J I
(let S (get R J)
(for K (inc J)
(dec 'S (*/ (get L I K) (get L J K) 1.0)) )
(set (nth L I J)
(if (= I J)
(sqrt S 1.0)
(*/ S 1.0 (get L J J)) ) ) ) ) )
(for R L
(for N R (prin (align 9 (round N 5))))
(prinl) ) ) )

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@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
(cholesky
'((25.0 15.0 -5.0) (15.0 18.0 0) (-5.0 0 11.0)) )
(prinl)
(cholesky
(quote
(18.0 22.0 54.0 42.0)
(22.0 70.0 86.0 62.0)
(54.0 86.0 174.0 134.0)
(42.0 62.0 134.0 106.0) ) )

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@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
function cholesky ($a) {
$l = @()
if ($a) {
$n = $a.count
$end = $n - 1
$l = 1..$n | foreach {$row = @(0) * $n; ,$row}
foreach ($k in 0..$end) {
$m = $k - 1
$sum = 0
if(0 -lt $k) {
foreach ($j in 0..$m) {$sum += $l[$k][$j]*$l[$k][$j]}
}
$l[$k][$k] = [Math]::Sqrt($a[$k][$k] - $sum)
if ($k -lt $end) {
foreach ($i in ($k+1)..$end) {
$sum = 0
if (0 -lt $k) {
foreach ($j in 0..$m) {$sum += $l[$i][$j]*$l[$k][$j]}
}
$l[$i][$k] = ($a[$i][$k] - $sum)/$l[$k][$k]
}
}
}
}
$l
}
function show($a) {$a | foreach {"$_"}}
$a1 = @(
@(25, 15, -5),
@(15, 18, 0),
@(-5, 0, 11)
)
"a1 ="
show $a1
""
"l1 ="
show (cholesky $a1)
""
$a2 = @(
@(18, 22, 54, 42),
@(22, 70, 86, 62),
@(54, 86, 174, 134),
@(42, 62, 134, 106)
)
"a2 ="
show $a2
""
"l2 ="
show (cholesky $a2)

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@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
from __future__ import print_function
from pprint import pprint
from math import sqrt
def cholesky(A):
L = [[0.0] * len(A) for _ in xrange(len(A))]
for i in xrange(len(A)):
for j in xrange(i+1):
s = sum(L[i][k] * L[j][k] for k in xrange(j))
L[i][j] = sqrt(A[i][i] - s) if (i == j) else \
(1.0 / L[j][j] * (A[i][j] - s))
return L
if __name__ == "__main__":
m1 = [[25, 15, -5],
[15, 18, 0],
[-5, 0, 11]]
pprint(cholesky(m1))
print()
m2 = [[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106]]
pprint(cholesky(m2), width=120)

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@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
def cholesky(A):
L = [[0.0] * len(A) for _ in range(len(A))]
for i, (Ai, Li) in enumerate(zip(A, L)):
for j, Lj in enumerate(L[:i+1]):
s = sum(Li[k] * Lj[k] for k in range(j))
Li[j] = sqrt(Ai[i] - s) if (i == j) else \
(1.0 / Lj[j] * (Ai[j] - s))
return L

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@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
solve:{[A;B] $[0h>type A;B%A;inv[A] mmu B]}
ak:{[m;k] (),/:m[;k]til k:k-1}
akk:{[m;k] m[k;k:k-1]}
transpose:{$[0h=type x;flip x;enlist each x]}
mult:{[A;B]$[0h=type A;A mmu B;A*B]}
cholesky:{[A]
{[A;L;n]
l_k:solve[L;ak[A;n]];
l_kk:first over sqrt[akk[A;n] - mult[transpose l_k;l_k]];
({$[0h<type x;enlist x;x]}L,'0f),enlist raze transpose[l_k],l_kk
}[A]/[sqrt A[0;0];1_1+til count first A]
}
show cholesky (25 15 -5f;15 18 0f;-5 0 11f)
-1"";
show cholesky (18 22 54 42f;22 70 86 62f;54 86 174 134f;42 62 134 106f)

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@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
t(chol(matrix(c(25, 15, -5, 15, 18, 0, -5, 0, 11), nrow=3, ncol=3)))
# [,1] [,2] [,3]
# [1,] 5 0 0
# [2,] 3 3 0
# [3,] -1 1 3
t(chol(matrix(c(18, 22, 54, 42, 22, 70, 86, 62, 54, 86, 174, 134, 42, 62, 134, 106), nrow=4, ncol=4)))
# [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
# [1,] 4.242641 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
# [2,] 5.185450 6.565905 0.000000 0.000000
# [3,] 12.727922 3.046038 1.649742 0.000000
# [4,] 9.899495 1.624554 1.849711 1.392621

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/*REXX program performs the Cholesky decomposition on a square matrix & displays results*/
niner = '25 15 -5' , /*define a 3x3 matrix with elements. */
'15 18 0' ,
'-5 0 11'
call Cholesky niner
hexer = 18 22 54 42, /*define a 4x4 matrix with elements. */
22 70 86 62,
54 86 174 134,
42 62 134 106
call Cholesky hexer
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
Cholesky: procedure; parse arg mat; say; say; call tell 'input array',mat
do r=1 for ord
do c=1 for r; $=0; do i=1 for c-1; $= $ + !.r.i * !.c.i; end /*i*/
if r=c then !.r.r= sqrt(!.r.r - $)
else !.r.c= 1 / !.c.c * (@.r.c - $)
end /*c*/
end /*r*/
call tell 'Cholesky factor',,!.,''
return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
err: say; say; say '***error***!'; say; say arg(1); say; say; exit 13
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
tell: parse arg hdr,x,y,sep; #=0; if sep=='' then sep= ''
dPlaces= 5 /*# dec. places past the decimal point.*/
width =10 /*field width used to display elements.*/
if y=='' then !.=0
else do row=1 for ord; do col=1 for ord; x=x !.row.col; end; end
w=words(x)
do ord=1 until ord**2>=w; end /*a fast way to find the matrix's order*/
say
if ord**2\==w then call err "matrix elements don't form a square matrix."
say center(hdr, ((width + 1) * w) % ord, sep)
say
do row=1 for ord; z=
do col=1 for ord; #= # + 1
@.row.col= word(x, #)
if col<=row then !.row.col= @.row.col
z=z right( format(@.row.col, , dPlaces) / 1, width)
end /*col*/ /* ↑↑↑ */
say z /* └┴┴──◄──normalization for zero*/
end /*row*/
return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
sqrt: procedure; parse arg x; if x=0 then return 0; d=digits(); numeric digits; h=d+6
numeric form; m.=9; parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g 'E' _ .; g=g*.5'e'_ %2
do j=0 while h>9; m.j=h; h=h%2+1; end /*j*/
do k=j+5 to 0 by -1; numeric digits m.k; g=(g+x/g)*.5; end /*k*/; return g/1

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#lang racket
(require math)
(define (cholesky A)
(define mref matrix-ref)
(define n (matrix-num-rows A))
(define L (for/vector ([_ n]) (for/vector ([_ n]) 0)))
(define (set L i j x) (vector-set! (vector-ref L i) j x))
(define (ref L i j) (vector-ref (vector-ref L i) j))
(for* ([i n] [k n])
(set L i k
(cond
[(= i k)
(sqrt (- (mref A i i) (for/sum ([j k]) (sqr (ref L k j)))))]
[(> i k)
(/ (- (mref A i k) (for/sum ([j k]) (* (ref L i j) (ref L k j))))
(ref L k k))]
[else 0])))
L)
(cholesky (matrix [[25 15 -5]
[15 18 0]
[-5 0 11]]))
(cholesky (matrix [[18 22 54 42]
[22 70 86 62]
[54 86 174 134]
[42 62 134 106]]))

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'#(#(5 0 0)
#(3 3 0)
#(-1 1 3))
'#(#(4.242640687119285 0 0 0)
#( 5.185449728701349 6.565905201197403 0 0)
#(12.727922061357857 3.0460384954008553 1.6497422479090704 0)
#( 9.899494936611665 1.6245538642137891 1.849711005231382 1.3926212476455924))

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sub cholesky(@A) {
my @L = @A »×» 0;
for ^@A -> \i {
for 0..i -> \j {
@L[i;j] = (i == j ?? &sqrt !! 1/@L[j;j] × * )\ # select function
(@A[i;j] - [+] (@L[i;*] Z× @L[j;*])[^j]) # provide value
}
}
@L
}
.fmt('%3d').say for cholesky [
[25],
[15, 18],
[-5, 0, 11],
];
say '';
.fmt('%6.3f').say for cholesky [
[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106],
];

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# Project : Cholesky decomposition
load "stdlib.ring"
decimals(5)
m1 = [[25, 15, -5],
[15, 18, 0],
[-5, 0, 11]]
cholesky(m1)
printarray(m1)
see nl
m2 = [[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106]]
cholesky(m2)
printarray(m2)
func cholesky(a)
l = newlist(len(a), len(a))
for i = 1 to len(a)
for j = 1 to i
s = 0
for k = 1 to j
s = s + l[i][k] * l[j][k]
next
if i = j
l[i][j] = sqrt(a[i][i] - s)
else
l[i][j] = (a[i][j] - s) / l[j][j]
ok
next
next
a = l
func printarray(a)
for row = 1 to len(a)
for col = 1 to len(a)
see "" + a[row][col] + " "
next
see nl
next

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require 'matrix'
class Matrix
def cholesky_factor
raise ArgumentError, "must provide symmetric matrix" unless symmetric?
l = Array.new(row_size) {Array.new(row_size, 0)}
(0 ... row_size).each do |k|
(0 ... row_size).each do |i|
if i == k
sum = (0 .. k-1).inject(0.0) {|sum, j| sum + l[k][j] ** 2}
val = Math.sqrt(self[k,k] - sum)
l[k][k] = val
elsif i > k
sum = (0 .. k-1).inject(0.0) {|sum, j| sum + l[i][j] * l[k][j]}
val = (self[k,i] - sum) / l[k][k]
l[i][k] = val
end
end
end
Matrix[*l]
end
end
puts Matrix[[25,15,-5],[15,18,0],[-5,0,11]].cholesky_factor
puts Matrix[[18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106]].cholesky_factor

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fn cholesky(mat: Vec<f64>, n: usize) -> Vec<f64> {
let mut res = vec![0.0; mat.len()];
for i in 0..n {
for j in 0..(i+1){
let mut s = 0.0;
for k in 0..j {
s += res[i * n + k] * res[j * n + k];
}
res[i * n + j] = if i == j { (mat[i * n + i] - s).sqrt() } else { (1.0 / res[j * n + j] * (mat[i * n + j] - s)) };
}
}
res
}
fn show_matrix(matrix: Vec<f64>, n: usize){
for i in 0..n {
for j in 0..n {
print!("{:.4}\t", matrix[i * n + j]);
}
println!("");
}
println!("");
}
fn main(){
let dimension = 3 as usize;
let m1 = vec![25.0, 15.0, -5.0,
15.0, 18.0, 0.0,
-5.0, 0.0, 11.0];
let res1 = cholesky(m1, dimension);
show_matrix(res1, dimension);
let dimension = 4 as usize;
let m2 = vec![18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0,
22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0,
54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0,
42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0];
let res2 = cholesky(m2, dimension);
show_matrix(res2, dimension);
}

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case class Matrix( val matrix:Array[Array[Double]] ) {
// Assuming matrix is positive-definite, symmetric and not empty...
val rows,cols = matrix.size
def getOption( r:Int, c:Int ) : Option[Double] = Pair(r,c) match {
case (r,c) if r < rows && c < rows => Some(matrix(r)(c))
case _ => None
}
def isLowerTriangle( r:Int, c:Int ) : Boolean = { c <= r }
def isDiagonal( r:Int, c:Int ) : Boolean = { r == c}
override def toString = matrix.map(_.mkString(", ")).mkString("\n")
/**
* Perform Cholesky Decomposition of this matrix
*/
lazy val cholesky : Matrix = {
val l = Array.ofDim[Double](rows*cols)
for( i <- (0 until rows); j <- (0 until cols) ) yield {
val s = (for( k <- (0 until j) ) yield { l(i*rows+k) * l(j*rows+k) }).sum
l(i*rows+j) = (i,j) match {
case (r,c) if isDiagonal(r,c) => scala.math.sqrt(matrix(i)(i) - s)
case (r,c) if isLowerTriangle(r,c) => (1.0 / l(j*rows+j) * (matrix(i)(j) - s))
case _ => 0
}
}
val m = Array.ofDim[Double](rows,cols)
for( i <- (0 until rows); j <- (0 until cols) ) m(i)(j) = l(i*rows+j)
Matrix(m)
}
}
// A little test...
val a1 = Matrix(Array[Array[Double]](Array(25,15,-5),Array(15,18,0),Array(-5,0,11)))
val a2 = Matrix(Array[Array[Double]](Array(18,22,54,42), Array(22,70,86,62), Array(54,86,174,134), Array(42,62,134,106)))
val l1 = a1.cholesky
val l2 = a2.cholesky
// Given test results
val r1 = Array[Double](5,0,0,3,3,0,-1,1,3)
val r2 = Array[Double](4.24264,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,5.18545,6.56591,0.00000,0.00000,
12.72792,3.04604,1.64974,0.00000,9.89949,1.62455,1.84971,1.39262)
// Verify assertions
(l1.matrix.flatten.zip(r1)).foreach{ case (result,test) =>
assert(math.round( result * 100000 ) * 0.00001 == math.round( test * 100000 ) * 0.00001)
}
(l2.matrix.flatten.zip(r2)).foreach{ case (result,test) =>
assert(math.round( result * 100000 ) * 0.00001 == math.round( test * 100000 ) * 0.00001)
}

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a = [25 15 -5; 15 18 0; -5 0 11];
chol(a)
ans =
5. 3. -1.
0. 3. 1.
0. 0. 3.
a = [18 22 54 42; 22 70 86 62;
54 86 174 134; 42 62 134 106];
chol(a)
ans =
4.2426407 5.1854497 12.727922 9.8994949
0. 6.5659052 3.0460385 1.6245539
0. 0. 1.6497422 1.849711
0. 0. 0. 1.3926212

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$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "float.s7i";
include "math.s7i";
const type: matrix is array array float;
const func matrix: cholesky (in matrix: a) is func
result
var matrix: cholesky is 0 times 0 times 0.0;
local
var integer: i is 0;
var integer: j is 0;
var integer: k is 0;
var float: sum is 0.0;
begin
cholesky := length(a) times length(a) times 0.0;
for key i range cholesky do
for j range 1 to i do
sum := 0.0;
for k range 1 to j do
sum +:= cholesky[i][k] * cholesky[j][k];
end for;
if i = j then
cholesky[i][i] := sqrt(a[i][i] - sum)
else
cholesky[i][j] := (a[i][j] - sum) / cholesky[j][j];
end if;
end for;
end for;
end func;
const proc: writeMat (in matrix: a) is func
local
var integer: i is 0;
var float: num is 0.0;
begin
for key i range a do
for num range a[i] do
write(num digits 5 lpad 8);
end for;
writeln;
end for;
end func;
const matrix: m1 is [] (
[] (25.0, 15.0, -5.0),
[] (15.0, 18.0, 0.0),
[] (-5.0, 0.0, 11.0));
const matrix: m2 is [] (
[] (18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0),
[] (22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0),
[] (54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0),
[] (42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0));
const proc: main is func
begin
writeMat(cholesky(m1));
writeln;
writeMat(cholesky(m2));
end func;

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func cholesky(matrix) {
var chol = matrix.len.of { matrix.len.of(0) }
for row in ^matrix {
for col in (0..row) {
var x = matrix[row][col]
for i in (0..col) {
x -= (chol[row][i] * chol[col][i])
}
chol[row][col] = (row == col ? x.sqrt : x/chol[col][col])
}
}
return chol
}

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var example1 = [ [ 25, 15, -5 ],
[ 15, 18, 0 ],
[ -5, 0, 11 ] ];
say "Example 1:";
cholesky(example1).each { |row|
say row.map {'%7.4f' % _}.join(' ');
}
var example2 = [ [ 18, 22, 54, 42],
[ 22, 70, 86, 62],
[ 54, 86, 174, 134],
[ 42, 62, 134, 106] ];
say "\nExample 2:";
cholesky(example2).each { |row|
say row.map {'%7.4f' % _}.join(' ');
}

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FloatMatrix>>#cholesky
| l |
l := FloatMatrix zero: numRows.
1 to: numRows do: [:i |
1 to: i do: [:k | | rowSum lkk factor aki partialSum |
i = k
ifTrue: [
rowSum := (1 to: k - 1) sum: [:j | | lkj |
lkj := l at: j @ k.
lkj squared].
lkk := (self at: k @ k) - rowSum.
lkk := lkk sqrt.
l at: k @ k put: lkk]
ifFalse: [
factor := l at: k @ k.
aki := self at: k @ i.
partialSum := (1 to: k - 1) sum: [:j | | ljk lji |
lji := l at: j @ i.
ljk := l at: j @ k.
lji * ljk].
l at: k @ i put: aki - partialSum * factor reciprocal]]].
^l

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mata
: a=25,15,-5\15,18,0\-5,0,11
: a
[symmetric]
1 2 3
+----------------+
1 | 25 |
2 | 15 18 |
3 | -5 0 11 |
+----------------+
: cholesky(a)
1 2 3
+----------------+
1 | 5 0 0 |
2 | 3 3 0 |
3 | -1 1 3 |
+----------------+
: a=18,22,54,42\22,70,86,62\54,86,174,134\42,62,134,106
: a
[symmetric]
1 2 3 4
+-------------------------+
1 | 18 |
2 | 22 70 |
3 | 54 86 174 |
4 | 42 62 134 106 |
+-------------------------+
: cholesky(a)
1 2 3 4
+---------------------------------------------------------+
1 | 4.242640687 0 0 0 |
2 | 5.185449729 6.565905201 0 0 |
3 | 12.72792206 3.046038495 1.649742248 0 |
4 | 9.899494937 1.624553864 1.849711005 1.392621248 |
+---------------------------------------------------------+

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func cholesky(matrix: [Double], n: Int) -> [Double] {
var res = [Double](repeating: 0, count: matrix.count)
for i in 0..<n {
for j in 0..<i+1 {
var s = 0.0
for k in 0..<j {
s += res[i * n + k] * res[j * n + k]
}
if i == j {
res[i * n + j] = (matrix[i * n + i] - s).squareRoot()
} else {
res[i * n + j] = (1.0 / res[j * n + j] * (matrix[i * n + j] - s))
}
}
}
return res
}
func printMatrix(_ matrix: [Double], n: Int) {
for i in 0..<n {
for j in 0..<n {
print(matrix[i * n + j], terminator: " ")
}
print()
}
}
let res1 = cholesky(
matrix: [25.0, 15.0, -5.0,
15.0, 18.0, 0.0,
-5.0, 0.0, 11.0],
n: 3
)
let res2 = cholesky(
matrix: [18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0,
22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0,
54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0,
42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0],
n: 4
)
printMatrix(res1, n: 3)
print()
printMatrix(res2, n: 4)

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proc cholesky a {
set m [llength $a]
set n [llength [lindex $a 0]]
set l [lrepeat $m [lrepeat $n 0.0]]
for {set i 0} {$i < $m} {incr i} {
for {set k 0} {$k < $i+1} {incr k} {
set sum 0.0
for {set j 0} {$j < $k} {incr j} {
set sum [expr {$sum + [lindex $l $i $j] * [lindex $l $k $j]}]
}
lset l $i $k [expr {
$i == $k
? sqrt([lindex $a $i $i] - $sum)
: (1.0 / [lindex $l $k $k] * ([lindex $a $i $k] - $sum))
}]
}
}
return $l
}

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set test1 {
{25 15 -5}
{15 18 0}
{-5 0 11}
}
puts [cholesky $test1]
set test2 {
{18 22 54 42}
{22 70 86 62}
{54 86 174 134}
{42 62 134 106}
}
puts [cholesky $test2]

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import math
// Symmetric and Lower use a packed representation that stores only
// the Lower triangle.
struct Symmetric {
order int
ele []f64
}
struct Lower {
mut:
order int
ele []f64
}
// Symmetric.print prints a square matrix from the packed representation,
// printing the upper triange as a transpose of the Lower.
fn (s Symmetric) print() {
mut row, mut diag := 1, 0
for i, e in s.ele {
print("${e:10.5f} ")
if i == diag {
for j, col := diag+row, row; col < s.order; j += col {
print("${s.ele[j]:10.5f} ")
col++
}
println('')
row++
diag += row
}
}
}
// Lower.print prints a square matrix from the packed representation,
// printing the upper triangle as all zeros.
fn (l Lower) print() {
mut row, mut diag := 1, 0
for i, e in l.ele {
print("${e:10.5f} ")
if i == diag {
for _ in row..l.order {
print("${0.0:10.5f} ")
}
println('')
row++
diag += row
}
}
}
// cholesky_lower returns the cholesky decomposition of a Symmetric real
// matrix. The matrix must be positive definite but this is not checked.
fn (a Symmetric) cholesky_lower() Lower {
mut l := Lower{a.order, []f64{len: a.ele.len}}
mut row, mut col := 1, 1
mut dr := 0 // index of diagonal element at end of row
mut dc := 0 // index of diagonal element at top of column
for i, e in a.ele {
if i < dr {
d := (e - l.ele[i]) / l.ele[dc]
l.ele[i] = d
mut ci, mut cx := col, dc
for j := i + 1; j <= dr; j++ {
cx += ci
ci++
l.ele[j] += d * l.ele[cx]
}
col++
dc += col
} else {
l.ele[i] = math.sqrt(e - l.ele[i])
row++
dr += row
col = 1
dc = 0
}
}
return l
}
fn main() {
demo(Symmetric{3, [
f64(25),
15, 18,
-5, 0, 11]})
demo(Symmetric{4, [
f64(18),
22, 70,
54, 86, 174,
42, 62, 134, 106]})
}
fn demo(a Symmetric) {
println("A:")
a.print()
println("L:")
a.cholesky_lower().print()
}

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Function Cholesky(Mat As Range) As Variant
Dim A() As Double, L() As Double, sum As Double, sum2 As Double
Dim m As Byte, i As Byte, j As Byte, k As Byte
'Ensure matrix is square
If Mat.Rows.Count <> Mat.Columns.Count Then
MsgBox ("Correlation matrix is not square")
Exit Function
End If
m = Mat.Rows.Count
'Initialize and populate matrix A of values and matrix L which will be the lower Cholesky
ReDim A(0 To m - 1, 0 To m - 1)
ReDim L(0 To m - 1, 0 To m - 1)
For i = 0 To m - 1
For j = 0 To m - 1
A(i, j) = Mat(i + 1, j + 1).Value2
L(i, j) = 0
Next j
Next i
'Handle the simple cases explicitly to save time
Select Case m
Case Is = 1
L(0, 0) = Sqr(A(0, 0))
Case Is = 2
L(0, 0) = Sqr(A(0, 0))
L(1, 0) = A(1, 0) / L(0, 0)
L(1, 1) = Sqr(A(1, 1) - L(1, 0) * L(1, 0))
Case Else
L(0, 0) = Sqr(A(0, 0))
L(1, 0) = A(1, 0) / L(0, 0)
L(1, 1) = Sqr(A(1, 1) - L(1, 0) * L(1, 0))
For i = 2 To m - 1
sum2 = 0
For k = 0 To i - 1
sum = 0
For j = 0 To k
sum = sum + L(i, j) * L(k, j)
Next j
L(i, k) = (A(i, k) - sum) / L(k, k)
sum2 = sum2 + L(i, k) * L(i, k)
Next k
L(i, i) = Sqr(A(i, i) - sum2)
Next i
End Select
Cholesky = L
End Function

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import "/matrix" for Matrix
import "/fmt" for Fmt
var arrays = [
[ [25, 15, -5],
[15, 18, 0],
[-5, 0, 11] ],
[ [18, 22, 54, 42],
[22, 70, 86, 62],
[54, 86, 174, 134],
[42, 62, 134, 106] ]
]
for (array in arrays) {
System.print("Original:")
Fmt.mprint(array, 3, 0)
System.print("\nLower Cholesky factor:")
Fmt.mprint(Matrix.new(array).cholesky(), 8, 5)
System.print()
}

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real L(4*4);
func real Cholesky(A, N);
real A; int N;
real S;
int I, J, K;
[for I:= 0 to N*N-1 do L(I):= 0.;
for I:= 0 to N-1 do
for J:= 0 to I do
[S:= 0.;
for K:= 0 to J-1 do
S:= S + L(I*N+K) * L(J*N+K);
L(I*N+J):= if I = J then sqrt(A(I*N+I) - S)
else (1.0 / L(J*N+J) * (A(I*N+J) - S));
];
return L;
];
proc ShowMatrix(A, N);
real A; int N;
int I, J;
[for I:= 0 to N-1 do
[for J:= 0 to N-1 do
RlOut(0, A(I*N+J));
CrLf(0);
];
];
int N;
real M1, C1, M2, C2;
[N:= 3;
M1:= [25., 15., -5.,
15., 18., 0.,
-5., 0., 11.];
C1:= Cholesky(M1, N);
ShowMatrix(C1, N);
CrLf(0);
N:= 4;
M2:= [18., 22., 54., 42.,
22., 70., 86., 62.,
54., 86., 174., 134.,
42., 62., 134., 106.];
C2:= Cholesky(M2, N);
ShowMatrix(C2, N);
]

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10 LET d=2000: GO SUB 1000: GO SUB 4000: GO SUB 5000
20 LET d=3000: GO SUB 1000: GO SUB 4000: GO SUB 5000
30 STOP
1000 RESTORE d
1010 READ a,b
1020 DIM m(a,b)
1040 FOR i=1 TO a
1050 FOR j=1 TO b
1060 READ m(i,j)
1070 NEXT j
1080 NEXT i
1090 RETURN
2000 DATA 3,3,25,15,-5,15,18,0,-5,0,11
3000 DATA 4,4,18,22,54,42,22,70,86,62,54,86,174,134,42,62,134,106
4000 REM Cholesky decomposition
4005 DIM l(a,b)
4010 FOR i=1 TO a
4020 FOR j=1 TO i
4030 LET s=0
4050 FOR k=1 TO j-1
4060 LET s=s+l(i,k)*l(j,k)
4070 NEXT k
4080 IF i=j THEN LET l(i,j)=SQR (m(i,i)-s): GO TO 4100
4090 LET l(i,j)=(m(i,j)-s)/l(j,j)
4100 NEXT j
4110 NEXT i
4120 RETURN
5000 REM Print
5010 FOR r=1 TO a
5020 FOR c=1 TO b
5030 PRINT l(r,c);" ";
5040 NEXT c
5050 PRINT
5060 NEXT r
5070 RETURN

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var [const] GSL=Import("zklGSL"); // libGSL (GNU Scientific Library)
fcn lowerCholesky(m){ // trans: C
rows:=m.rows;
lcm:=GSL.Matrix(rows,rows); // zero filled
foreach i,j in (rows,i+1){
s:=(0).reduce(j,'wrap(s,k){ s + lcm[i,k]*lcm[j,k] },0.0);
lcm[i,j]=( if(i==j)(m[i,i] - s).sqrt()
else 1.0/lcm[j,j]*(m[i,j] - s) );
}
lcm
}

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fcn cholesky(mat){
rows:=mat.len();
r:=(0).pump(rows,List().write, (0).pump(rows,List,0.0).copy); // matrix of zeros
foreach i,j in (rows,i+1){
s:=(0).reduce(j,'wrap(s,k){ s + r[i][k]*r[j][k] },0.0);
r[i][j]=( if(i==j)(mat[i][i] - s).sqrt()
else 1.0/r[j][j]*(mat[i][j] - s) );
}
r
}

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ex1:=L( L(25.0,15.0,-5.0), L(15.0,18.0,0.0), L(-5.0,0.0,11.0) );
printM(cholesky(ex1));
println("-----------------");
ex2:=L( L(18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0,),
L(22.0, 70.0, 86.0, 62.0,),
L(54.0, 86.0, 174.0, 134.0,),
L(42.0, 62.0, 134.0, 106.0,) );
printM(cholesky(ex2));

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fcn printM(m){ m.pump(Console.println,rowFmt) }
fcn rowFmt(row){ ("%9.5f "*row.len()).fmt(row.xplode()) }