Data commit

Task/Special-variables/00-META.yaml

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+---
+category:
+- Special variables
+from: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Special_variables
+note: Basic language learning

Task/Special-variables/00-TASK.txt

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+Special variables have a predefined meaning within a computer programming language.
+
+
+;Task:
+List the special variables used within the language.
+<br><br>

Task/Special-variables/ALGOL-68/special-variables-1.alg

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+#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
+
+FORMAT f = $g": ["g"]"l$;
+
+printf((f,
+  "pi", pi,
+  "random", random, # actually a procedure #
+
+  "flip", flip,
+  "flop", flop,
+  "TRUE", TRUE,
+  "FALSE", FALSE,
+
+  "error char", error char,
+  "null character", null character,
+CO   "NIL", NIL, NIL is not printable END CO
+
+# "lengths" details how many distinctive precisions are permitted. #
+# e.g. int length = 3 suggests 3 distincts types: #
+#      INT, LONG INT, and LONG LONG INT #
+  "bits shorths", bits shorths,
+  "bits lengths", bits lengths,
+  "bytes shorths", bytes shorths,
+  "bytes lengths", bytes lengths,
+  "int shorths", int shorths,
+  "int lengths", int lengths,
+  "real shorths", real shorths,
+  "real lengths", real lengths,
+
+  "max abs char", max abs char,
+# short/long int/real also possible #
+  "max int", max int,
+  "small real", small real,
+  "max real", max real,
+
+# "width" indicates how many characters are require to prepresent the value #
+# short/long bits/bytes/int/real also possible #
+  "bits width", bits width,
+  "bytes width", bytes width,
+  "int width", int width,
+  "real width", real width,
+  "exp width", exp width
+));
+
+# ALL the following are actually procedures #
+print((
+  "space: [", space, "]", new line,
+  "new line: [", new line, "]", new line,
+  "new page: [", new page, "]", new line
+CO the following are standard, but not implemented in algol68g
+  "char number: [", char number, "]", new line,
+  "line number: [", line number, "]", new line,
+  "page number: [", page number, "]", new line
+END CO
+));
+SKIP

Task/Special-variables/ALGOL-68/special-variables-2.alg

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+#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
+
+printf(($g": [", g, "] & [",g,"]"l$,
+  "Math constants", "long","long long",
+    "pi", long pi, long long pi,
+  "Physical Constants", "mksa","cgs",
+  "Fundamental constants", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  speed of light", mksa speed of light, cgs speed of light,
+  "  vacuum permeability", mksa vacuum permeability, "~", # cgs vacuum permeability,#
+  "  vacuum permittivity", mksa vacuum permittivity, "~", # cgs vacuum permittivity,#
+  "  num avogadro", num avogadro,"~",
+  "  faraday", mksa faraday, cgs faraday,
+  "  boltzmann", mksa boltzmann, cgs boltzmann,
+  "  molar gas", mksa molar gas, cgs molar gas,
+  "  standard gas volume", mksa standard gas volume, cgs standard gas volume,
+  "  planck constant", mksa planck constant, cgs planck constant,
+  "  planck constant bar", mksa planck constant bar, cgs planck constant bar,
+  "  gauss", mksa gauss, cgs gauss,
+  "  micron", mksa micron, cgs micron,
+  "  hectare", mksa hectare, cgs hectare,
+  "  miles per hour", mksa miles per hour, cgs miles per hour,
+  "  kilometers per hour", mksa kilometers per hour, cgs kilometers per hour,
+  "Astronomy and astrophysics", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  astronomical unit", mksa astronomical unit, cgs astronomical unit,
+  "  gravitational constant", mksa gravitational constant, cgs gravitational constant,
+  "  light year", mksa light year, cgs light year,
+  "  parsec", mksa parsec, cgs parsec,
+  "  grav accel", mksa grav accel, cgs grav accel,
+  "  solar mass", mksa solar mass, cgs solar mass,
+  "Atomic and nuclear physics", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  electron charge", mksa electron charge, cgs electron charge,
+  "  electron volt", mksa electron volt, cgs electron volt,
+  "  unified atomic mass", mksa unified atomic mass, cgs unified atomic mass,
+  "  mass electron", mksa mass electron, cgs mass electron,
+  "  mass muon", mksa mass muon, cgs mass muon,
+  "  mass proton", mksa mass proton, cgs mass proton,
+  "  mass neutron", mksa mass neutron, cgs mass neutron,
+  "  num fine structure", num fine structure,"~",
+  "  rydberg", mksa rydberg, cgs rydberg,
+  "  bohr radius", mksa bohr radius, cgs bohr radius,
+  "  angstrom", mksa angstrom, cgs angstrom,
+  "  barn", mksa barn, cgs barn,
+  "  bohr magneton", mksa bohr magneton, cgs bohr magneton,
+  "  nuclear magneton", mksa nuclear magneton, cgs nuclear magneton,
+  "  electron magnetic moment", mksa electron magnetic moment, cgs electron magnetic moment,
+  "  proton magnetic moment", mksa proton magnetic moment, cgs proton magnetic moment,
+  "Time", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  minute", mksa minute, cgs minute,
+  "  hour", mksa hour, cgs hour,
+  "  day", mksa day, cgs day,
+  "  week", mksa week, cgs week,
+  "Imperial units", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  inch", mksa inch, cgs inch,
+  "  foot", mksa foot, cgs foot,
+  "  yard", mksa yard, cgs yard,
+  "  mile", mksa mile, cgs mile,
+  "  mil", mksa mil, cgs mil,
+  "Nautical units", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  nautical mile", mksa nautical mile, cgs nautical mile,
+  "  fathom", mksa fathom, cgs fathom,
+  "  knot", mksa knot, cgs knot,
+  "Volume", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  acre", mksa acre, cgs acre,
+  "  liter", mksa liter, cgs liter,
+  "  us gallon", mksa us gallon, cgs us gallon,
+  "  canadian gallon", mksa canadian gallon, cgs canadian gallon,
+  "  uk gallon", mksa uk gallon, cgs uk gallon,
+  "  quart", mksa quart, cgs quart,
+  "  pint", mksa pint, cgs pint,
+  "Mass and weight", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  pound mass", mksa pound mass, cgs pound mass,
+  "  ounce mass", mksa ounce mass, cgs ounce mass,
+  "  ton", mksa ton, cgs ton,
+  "  metric ton", mksa metric ton, cgs metric ton,
+  "  uk ton", mksa uk ton, cgs uk ton,
+  "  troy ounce", mksa troy ounce, cgs troy ounce,
+  "  carat", mksa carat, cgs carat,
+  "  gram force", mksa gram force, cgs gram force,
+  "  pound force", mksa pound force, cgs pound force,
+  "  kilopound force", mksa kilopound force, cgs kilopound force,
+  "  poundal", mksa poundal, cgs poundal,
+  "Thermal energy and power", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  calorie", mksa calorie, cgs calorie,
+  "  btu", mksa btu, cgs btu,
+  "  therm", mksa therm, cgs therm,
+  "  horsepower", mksa horsepower, cgs horsepower,
+  "Pressure", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  bar", mksa bar, cgs bar,
+  "  std atmosphere", mksa std atmosphere, cgs std atmosphere,
+  "  torr", mksa torr, cgs torr,
+  "  meter of mercury", mksa meter of mercury, cgs meter of mercury,
+  "  inch of mercury", mksa inch of mercury, cgs inch of mercury,
+  "  inch of water", mksa inch of water, cgs inch of water,
+  "  psi", mksa psi, cgs psi,
+  "Viscosity", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  poise", mksa poise, cgs poise,
+  "  stokes", mksa stokes, cgs stokes,
+  "Light and illumination", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  stilb", mksa stilb, cgs stilb,
+  "  lumen", mksa lumen, cgs lumen,
+  "  lux", mksa lux, cgs lux,
+  "  phot", mksa phot, cgs phot,
+  "  footcandle", mksa footcandle, cgs footcandle,
+  "  lambert", mksa lambert, cgs lambert,
+  "  footlambert", mksa footlambert, cgs footlambert,
+  "Radioactivity", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  curie", mksa curie, cgs curie,
+  "  roentgen", mksa roentgen, cgs roentgen,
+  "  rad", mksa rad, cgs rad,
+  "Force and energy", "mksa","cgs",
+  "  newton", mksa newton, cgs newton,
+  "  dyne", mksa dyne, cgs dyne,
+  "  joule", mksa joule, cgs joule,
+  "  erg", mksa erg, cgs erg
+))

Task/Special-variables/ALGOL-W/special-variables.alg

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+% the Algol W standard environment includes the following standard variables: %
+
+integer                I_W          % field width for integer output %
+integer                R_W          % field width for real output %
+integer                R_D          % number of decimal places for real output %
+string(1)              R_FORMAT     % format for real output:
+                                          S - "scaled" normalised mantissa with exponent
+                                          A - "aligned" fixed point format
+                                          F - "free" either scaled or aligned as appropriate
+                                                     for the value and field width
+                                    %
+integer                S_W          % separator width - number of spaces following non-string output items %
+integer                MAXINTEGER   % largest integer value %
+real                   EPSILON      % largest positive real number such that 1 + epsilon = 1 %
+long real              LONGEPSILON  % largest positive long real number such that 1 + longepsilon = 1 %
+long real              MAXREAL      % largest real number %
+long real              PI           % approximation to pi %
+
+% the following reference(EXCEPTION) variables control how errors are handled:
+    ENDFILE                         - end-of-file
+    OVFL                            - overflow
+    UNFL                            - underflow
+    DIVZERO                         - division by zero
+    INTOVFL                         - integer overflow
+    INTDIVZERO                      - integer division by zero or modulo 0
+    SQRTERR                         - invalid SQRT parameter
+    EXPERR                          - invalid EXP parameter
+    LNLOGERR                        - invalid LN or LOG parameter
+    SINCOSERR                       - invalid SIN or COS parameter
+
+The EXCEPTION record is defined as follows:
+
+record    EXCEPTION( logical    XCPNOTED      - true if the exception has occurred
+                   ; integer    XCPLIMIT      - number of times the exception can occur
+                                                before the program terminates
+                              , XCPACTION     - if the program continues, controls how to
+                                                replace the erroneous value
+                   ; logical    XCPMARK       - true if an error message should be printed
+                                                even if the program continues
+                   ; string(64) XCPMSG        - message to describe the exception
+                   )
+
+if the relevant EXCEPTION variable is null, the exception is ignored,
+otherwise it is processed according to the settings of XCPLIMIT etc.
+%

Task/Special-variables/C++/special-variables.cpp

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+#include <iostream>
+
+struct SpecialVariables
+{
+    int i = 0;
+
+    SpecialVariables& operator++()
+    {
+        // 'this' is a special variable that is a pointer to the current
+        // class instance.  It can optionally be used to refer to elements
+        // of the class.
+        this->i++;  // has the same meaning as 'i++'
+
+        // returning *this lets the object return a reference to itself
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    SpecialVariables sv;
+    auto sv2 = ++sv;     // makes a copy of sv after it was incremented
+    std::cout << " sv :" << sv.i << "\n sv2:" << sv2.i << "\n";
+}

Task/Special-variables/Clojure/special-variables.clj

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+(apply str (interpose " " (sort (filter #(.startsWith % "*") (map str (keys (ns-publics 'clojure.core)))))))

Task/Special-variables/Common-Lisp/special-variables.lisp

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+(defun special-variables ()
+  (flet ((special-var-p (s)
+           (and (char= (aref s 0) #\*)
+                (find-if-not (lambda (x) (char= x #\*)) s)
+                (char= (aref s (1- (length s))) #\*))))
+    (let ((lst '()))
+      (do-symbols (s (find-package 'cl))
+        (when (special-var-p (symbol-name s))
+          (push s lst)))
+      lst)))
+
+(format t "~a~%" (sort (special-variables) #'string<))

Task/Special-variables/Dyalect/special-variables.dyalect

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+func Integer.Double() {
+    this + this
+}
+print(8.Double())

Task/Special-variables/Erlang/special-variables.erl

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+-module( special_variables ).
+
+-export( [task/0] ).
+
+task() -> ok.

Task/Special-variables/Fortran/special-variables.f

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+           INQUIRE(FILE = FILENAME(1:L),EXIST = EXIST,	!Here we go. Does the file exist?
+     1      ERR = 666,IOSTAT = IOSTAT) 		!Hopefully, named in good style, etc.
+           IF (EXIST) THEN	!So, does the named file already exist?
+           ...etc.

Task/Special-variables/IS-BASIC/special-variables.basic

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+BLACK   - The code of colour black.
+BLUE    - The code of colour blue.
+CYAN    - The code of colour cyan.
+DATE$   - The current date in the standard format.
+EXLINE  - The number of the last statement that caused an exception.
+EXTYPE  - The error code of the last exception.
+FREE    - The amount of memory free and avaible to the current program.
+GREEN   - The code of colour green.
+INF     - The largest positive number that the IS-BASIC can handle.
+MAGENTA - The code of colour magenta.
+PI      - Value of the Pi. This is rounded to 3.141592654
+RED     - The code of colour red.
+TIME$   - The current time in the standard format.
+WHITE   - The code of colour white.
+YELLOW  - The code of colour yellow.
+VERNUM  - Version number of the BASIC

Task/Special-variables/Icon/special-variables.icon

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+# &keyword # type returned(indicators) - brief description
+# indicators:
+#    * - generates multiple values
+#    = - modifiable
+#    ? - may fail (e.g. status inquiry)
+#    U - Unicon
+#    G - Icon or Unicon with Graphics
+#
+&allocated   # integer(*) - report memory allocated in total and by storage regions
+&ascii       # cset -  ASCII character set
+&clock       # string - time of day
+&col         # integer(=G) - column location of pointer
+&collections # integer(*) - garbage collection activity in total and by storage region
+&column      # integer(U) - source code column
+&control     # null(?G) - control key state
+&cset        # cset - universal character set
+&current     # co-expression - current co-expression
+&date        # string - today's date
+&dateline    # string - time stamp
+&digits      # cset - digit characters
+&dump        # integer(=) - termination dump
+&e           # real - natural log e
+&error       # integer(=) - enable/disable error conversion/fail on error
+&errno       # integer(?) - variable containing error number from previous posix command
+&errornumber # integer(?) - error number of last error converted to failure
+&errortext   # string(?) - error message of last error converted to failure
+&errorvalue  # any(?) - erroneous value of last error converted to failure
+&errout      # file - standard error file
+&eventcode   # integer(=U) - program execution event in monitored program
+&eventsource # co-expression(=U) - source of events in monitoring program
+&eventvalue  # any(=U) - value from event in monitored program
+&fail        # none - always fails
+&features    # string(*) - identifying features in this version of Icon/Unicon
+&file        # string -  current source file
+&host        # string - host machine name
+&input       # file - standard input file
+&interval    # integer(G) - time between input events
+&lcase       # cset - lowercase letters
+&ldrag       # integer(G) - left button drag
+&letters     # cset - letters
+&level       # integer - call depth
+&line        # integer - current source line number
+&lpress      # integer(G) - left button press
+&lrelease    # integer(G) - left button release
+&main        # co-expression - main task
+&mdrag       # integer(G) - middle button drag
+&meta        # null(?G) - meta key state
+&mpress      # integer(G) - middle button press
+&mrelease    # integer(G) - middle button release
+&now         # integer(U) - current time
+&null        # null - null value
+&output      # file - standard output file
+&pick        # string (U) - variable containing the result of 3D selection
+&phi         # real - golden ratio
+&pos         # integer(=) - string scanning position
+&progname    # string(=) - program name
+&random      # integer(=) - random number seed
+&rdrag       # integer(G) - right button drag
+&regions     # integer(*) - region sizes
+&resize      # integer(G) - window resize
+&row         # integer(=G) - row location of pointer
+&rpress      # integer(G) - right button press
+&rrelease    # integer(G) - right button release
+&shift       # null(?G) - shift key state
+&source      # co-expression - invoking co-expression
+&storage     # integer(*) - memory in use in each region
+&subject     # string - string scanning subject
+&syserr      # integer - halt on system error
+&time        # integer(=) - elapsed time in milliseconds
+&trace       # integer(=) - trace program
+&ucase       # cset - upper case letters
+&version     # string - version
+&window      # window(=G) - the current graphics rendering window
+&x           # integer(=G) - pointer horizontal position
+&y           # integer(=G) - pointer vertical position
+# keywords may also fail if the corresponding feature is not present.
+# Other variants of Icon (e.g. MT-Icon) will have different mixes of keywords.

Task/Special-variables/J/special-variables.j

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+   {{ y }} 1
+1
+   1000 {{ x + y }} 1
+1001
+   100 {{ m + y }} 1
+101
+   (1000) 100 {{ x + m + y }} 1
+1101
+   100 {{ m + n + y }} 10 (1)
+111
+   (1000) 100 {{ x + m + n + y }} 10 (1)
+1111
+   (1000) + {{ x u n u y }} 10 (1)
+1011
+   (1000) 100 {{ x v m v y }} + (1)
+1101

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-1.java

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Object object = null

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-2.java

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+boolean value = true

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-3.java

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+this.object

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-4.java

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+super(value)

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-5.java

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import static java.lang.Math.*;

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-6.java

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+double area = PI * (2 * 2);

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-7.java

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+public static void main(String[] args)

Task/Special-variables/Java/special-variables-8.java

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class SpecialVariables {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+        //String-Array args contains the command line parameters passed to the program
+        //Note that the "Arrays.toString()"-call is just used for pretty-printing
+        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(args));
+
+        //<Classname>.class might qualify as a special variable, since it always contains a Class<T>-object that
+        //is used in Reflection
+        System.out.println(SpecialVariables.class);
+
+
+        //The following are not really "variables", since they are properly encapsulated:
+
+        //System.getenv() returns a String-String-Map of environment-variables
+        System.out.println(System.getenv());
+
+        //System.getProperties() returns a Map of "things somebody might want to know", including OS and architecture
+        // the Java VM runs on, various paths like home direcoty of the user that runs the program, class (library) paths,
+        System.out.println(System.getProperties());
+
+        //Runtime.getRuntime() returns a Runtime-Object that contains "changing" data about the running Java VM's
+        // environment, like available processor cores or available RAM
+        System.out.println(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
+
+    }
+}

Task/Special-variables/JavaScript/special-variables-1.js

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+var obj = {
+  foo: 1,
+  bar: function () { return this.foo; }
+};
+obj.bar(); // returns 1

Task/Special-variables/JavaScript/special-variables-2.js

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+function concat() {
+  var s = "";
+  for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
+    s += arguments[i];
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+concat("a", "b", "c"); // returns "abc"

Task/Special-variables/Jq/special-variables.jq

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+$ jq -n -M --arg x 1 '$x|type'   # (*)
+"string"

Task/Special-variables/Julia/special-variables.julia

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+join(sort(filter(sym -> let n=eval(sym); !(isa(n, Function) || isa(n, Type) || isa(n, Module)); end, names(Base))), ", ")

Task/Special-variables/Kotlin/special-variables.kotlin

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// version 1.0.6
+
+class President(val name: String) {
+    var age: Int = 0
+        set(value) {
+           if (value in 0..125) field = value  // assigning to backing field here
+           else throw IllegalArgumentException("$name's age must be between 0 and 125")
+        }
+}
+
+fun main(args: Array<String>) {
+    val pres = President("Donald")
+    pres.age = 69
+    val pres2 = President("Jimmy")
+    pres2.age = 91
+    val presidents = mutableListOf(pres, pres2)
+    presidents.forEach {
+        it.age++  // 'it' is implicit sole parameter of lambda expression
+        println("President ${it.name}'s age is currently ${it.age}")
+    }
+    println()
+    val pres3 = President("Theodore")
+    pres3.age = 158
+}

Task/Special-variables/Lasso/special-variables-1.lasso

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{return #1 + ':'+#2}('a','b') // a:b

Task/Special-variables/Lasso/special-variables-2.lasso

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+define test(a,b) => #1+':'+#2
+test('y','z') // y:z

Task/Special-variables/LiveCode/special-variables-1.livecode

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+put the constantNames

Task/Special-variables/LiveCode/special-variables-2.livecode

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+the colornames

Task/Special-variables/Lua/special-variables.lua

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+for n in pairs(_G) do print(n) end

Task/Special-variables/M2000-Interpreter/special-variables.m2000

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Module Checkit {
+      Let inkey$="hello", dir$="Something Else"
+      \\ using a dot we tell to interpreter to skip internal identifiers,
+      \\ and look for user variables
+      Print .inkey$="hello", .dir$="Something Else"
+
+      Print dir$   ' return current path
+      do
+            Print "wait to press space"
+      Until inkey$=" "
+}
+Checkit
+Module check2 {
+      Global inkey$="ok"
+      Print .inkey$="ok"
+}
+check2
+
+Module Check3 {
+      Group A {
+            Module Check3 {
+                  \\ using a dot before the name
+                  .inkey$="ok"
+                  Print .inkey$="ok"
+            }
+      }
+      A.Check3
+}
+Check3

Task/Special-variables/MIPS-Assembly/special-variables.mips

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+li $t0,0x4500
+li $t1,0xFFFF
+multu $t0,$t1  ;unsigned multiplication of $t0 and $t1
+mfhi $t0       ;load the top 32 bits of the product into $t0
+mflo $t1       ;load the bottom 32 bits of the product into $t1

Task/Special-variables/ML-I/special-variables-1.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+MCSKIP "WITH" NL
+"" Special variables
+"" There are four different kinds of variables in ML/I.
+"" Permanent (P) variables - these have no special predefined values.
+"" Character (C) variables - these have no special predefined values.
+"" Temporary (T) variables - a macro has at least three of these, and
+""    those have predefined values.
+"" System (S) variables - these are for control and status. The number
+""    of these is implementation dependent.
+MCSKIP MT,<>
+MCINS %.
+MCDEF TVARDEMO , NL
+AS <T-variables are local to the current macro call
+T1 is the number of arguments to current macro call - value is %T1.
+T2 is the number of macro calls so far - value is %T2.
+T3 is the current depth of nesting - value is %T3.
+>
+TVARDEMO xxx,yyy
+
+MCDEF SVARDEMO WITHS NL
+AS <The first nine S-variables are implementation independent
+S1 controls startline insertion - value is %S1.
+S2 is the current source text line number - value is %S2.
+S3 controls error messages related to warning markers - value is %S3.
+S4 controls context printout after a <MCNOTE> - value is %S4.
+S5 is the count of processing errors - value is %S5.
+S6 enables the definition of an atom to be changed - value is %S6.
+S7, S8 and S9 are currently unused.
+
+All other S-variables have implementation defined meanings.
+>
+SVARDEMO

Task/Special-variables/ML-I/special-variables-2.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T-variables are local to the current macro call
+T1 is the number of arguments to current macro call - value is 2
+T2 is the number of macro calls so far - value is 5
+T3 is the current depth of nesting - value is 1
+
+The first nine S-variables are implementation independent
+S1 controls startline insertion - value is 0
+S2 is the current source text line number - value is 32
+S3 controls error messages related to warning markers - value is 0
+S4 controls context printout after a MCNOTE - value is 0
+S5 is the count of processing errors - value is 0
+S6 enables the definition of an atom to be changed - value is -1
+S7, S8 and S9 are currently unused.
+
+All other S-variables have implementation defined meanings.

Task/Special-variables/Mathematica/special-variables.math

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Grid[Partition[Names["$*"],4]]
+->
+$Aborted                       $ActivationGroupID             $ActivationKey                 $ActivationUserRegistered
+$AddOnsDirectory               $AllowDataUpdates              $AllowDocumentationUpdates     $AllowInternet
+$AssertFunction                $Assumptions                   $BaseDirectory                 $BatchInput
+$BatchOutput                   $BoxForms                      $ByteOrdering                  $Canceled
+$CharacterEncoding             $CharacterEncodings            $CommandLine                   $CompilationTarget
+$ConditionHold                 $ConfiguredKernels             $Context                       $ContextPath
+$ControlActiveSetting          $CreationDate                  $CurrentLink                   $DateStringFormat
+$DefaultFont                   $DefaultFrontEnd               $DefaultImagingDevice          $DefaultPath
+$Display                       $DisplayFunction               $DistributedContexts           $DynamicEvaluation
+$Echo                          $Epilog                        $ExportFormats                 $Failed
+$FinancialDataSource           $FormatType                    $FrontEnd                      $FrontEndSession
+$GeoLocation                   $HistoryLength                 $HomeDirectory                 $IgnoreEOF
+$ImagingDevices                $ImportFormats                 $InitialDirectory              $Input
+$InputFileName                 $Inspector                     $InstallationDate              $InstallationDirectory
+$InstalledServices             $InterfaceEnvironment          $InternetProxyRules            $IterationLimit
+$KernelCount                   $KernelID                      $Language                      $LaunchDirectory
+$LibraryPath                   $LicenseExpirationDate         $LicenseID                     $LicenseProcesses
+$LicenseServer                 $LicenseSubprocesses           $LicenseType                   $Line
+$Linked                        $LinkSupported                 $LoadedFiles                   $MachineAddresses
+$MachineDomain                 $MachineDomains                $MachineEpsilon                $MachineID
+$MachineName                   $MachinePrecision              $MachineType                   $MaxExtraPrecision
+$MaxLicenseProcesses           $MaxLicenseSubprocesses        $MaxMachineNumber              $MaxNumber
+$MaxPiecewiseCases             $MaxPrecision                  $MaxRootDegree                 $MessageGroups
+$MessageList                   $MessagePrePrint               $Messages                      $MinMachineNumber
+$MinNumber                     $MinorReleaseNumber            $MinPrecision                  $ModuleNumber
+$NetworkLicense                $NewMessage                    $NewSymbol                     $Notebooks
+$NumberMarks                   $Off                           $OperatingSystem               $Output
+$OutputForms                   $OutputSizeLimit               $Packages                      $PacletSite
+$ParentLink                    $ParentProcessID               $PasswordFile                  $PatchLevelID
+$Path                          $PathnameSeparator             $PerformanceGoal               $PipeSupported
+$Post                          $Pre                           $PreferencesDirectory          $PrePrint
+$PreRead                       $PrintForms                    $PrintLiteral                  $PrintServiceRequest
+$PrintServiceResponse          $PrintShortErrorMessages       $PrintWSDLDebug                $ProcessID
+$ProcessorCount                $ProcessorType                 $ProductInformation            $ProgramName
+$RandomState                   $RecursionLimit                $ReleaseNumber                 $RootDirectory
+$ScheduledTask                 $ScriptCommandLine             $SessionID                     $SetParentLink
+$SharedFunctions               $SharedVariables               $SoundDisplay                  $SoundDisplayFunction
+$SuppressInputFormHeads        $SynchronousEvaluation         $SyntaxHandler                 $System
+$SystemCharacterEncoding       $SystemID                      $SystemWordLength              $TemporaryDirectory
+$TemporaryPrefix               $TextStyle                     $TimedOut                      $TimeUnit
+$TimeZone                      $TopDirectory                  $TraceOff                      $TraceOn
+$TracePattern                  $TracePostAction               $TracePreAction                $Urgent
+$UserAddOnsDirectory           $UserBaseDirectory             $UserBasePacletsDirectory      $UserDocumentsDirectory

Task/Special-variables/Maxima/special-variables.maxima

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/* There are many special variables in Maxima: more than 250 are used for options, for example */
+fpprec;  /* precision for big floats */
+obase;   /* number base for output */
+
+/* Other variables are read-only, and give the list of user-defined variables, functions... */
+infolists; /* give the names of all available lists */
+[labels, values, functions, macros, arrays, myoptions, props, aliases, rules, gradefs, dependencies, let_rule_packages, structures]

Task/Special-variables/Nanoquery/special-variables.nanoquery

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+println dumpstack()

Task/Special-variables/NetRexx/special-variables.netrexx

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/* NetRexx */
+options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols binary
+
+class RCSpecialVariables
+
+method RCSpecialVariables()
+  x = super.toString
+  y = this.toString
+  say '<super>'x'</super>'
+  say '<this>'y'</this>'
+  say '<class>'RCSpecialVariables.class'</class>'
+  say '<digits>'digits'</digits>'
+  say '<form>'form'</form>'
+  say '<[1, 2, 3].length>'
+  say [1, 2, 3].length
+  say '</[1, 2, 3].length>'
+  say '<null>'
+  say null
+  say '</null>'
+  say '<source>'source'</source>'
+  say '<sourceline>'sourceline'</sourceline>'
+  say '<trace>'trace'</trace>'
+  say '<version>'version'</version>'
+
+  say 'Type an answer:'
+  say '<ask>'ask'</ask>'
+
+  return
+
+method main(args = String[]) public static
+
+  RCSpecialVariables()
+
+  return

Task/Special-variables/Nim/special-variables.nim

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+result = value
+return

Task/Special-variables/OCaml/special-variables-1.ocaml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+val argv : string array
+(** The command line arguments given to the process.
+   The first element is the command name used to invoke the program.
+   The following elements are the command-line arguments
+   given to the program. *)
+
+val executable_name : string
+(** The name of the file containing the executable currently running. *)
+
+val interactive : bool ref
+(** This reference is initially set to [false] in standalone
+   programs and to [true] if the code is being executed under
+   the interactive toplevel system [ocaml]. *)
+
+val os_type : string
+(** Operating system currently executing the Caml program. One of
+-  ["Unix"] (for all Unix versions, including Linux and Mac OS X),
+-  ["Win32"] (for MS-Windows, OCaml compiled with MSVC++ or Mingw),
+-  ["Cygwin"] (for MS-Windows, OCaml compiled with Cygwin). *)
+
+val word_size : int
+(** Size of one word on the machine currently executing the Caml
+   program, in bits: 32 or 64. *)
+
+val max_string_length : int
+(** Maximum length of a string. *)
+
+val max_array_length : int
+(** Maximum length of a normal array.  The maximum length of a float
+    array is [max_array_length/2] on 32-bit machines and
+    [max_array_length] on 64-bit machines. *)
+
+val ocaml_version : string
+(** [ocaml_version] is the version of Objective Caml.
+    It is a string of the form ["major.minor[.patchlevel][+additional-info]"],
+    where [major], [minor], and [patchlevel] are integers, and
+    [additional-info] is an arbitrary string. The [[.patchlevel]] and
+    [[+additional-info]] parts may be absent. *)

Task/Special-variables/OCaml/special-variables-2.ocaml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+val max_int : int
+(** The greatest representable integer. *)
+
+val min_int : int
+(** The smallest representable integer. *)
+
+val max_float : float
+(** The largest positive finite value of type [float]. *)
+
+val min_float : float
+(** The smallest positive, non-zero, non-denormalized value of type [float]. *)
+
+val epsilon_float : float
+(** The difference between [1.0] and the smallest exactly representable
+    floating-point number greater than [1.0]. *)

Task/Special-variables/PL-I/special-variables.pli

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Special variables in PL/I are termed "Pseudo-variables".
+They are used only on the LHS of an assignment statement.
+
+They include:
+   REAL to assign the real part of a COMPLEX variable;
+   IMAG to assign the imaginary part of a COMPLEX variable;
+   SUBSTR is used to assign part of a string (used on the LHS of an assignment);
+   STRING when used on the left-hand of an assignment;
+   UNSPEC used to assign a bit pattern to a variable;
+   ENTRYADDR is used to assign an address to an ENTRY variable that is
+             to be invoked;
+   ONCHAR resets the current value of the CHAR built-in function (when
+          a data conversion error occurs, and it is desired to re-attempt
+          the conversion);
+   ONSOURCE assigns a new value to the ONSOURCE built-in function
+            (may be used when a data conversion error occurs,
+             and a re-try of the conversion is to be attempted with modified data);
+   ONGSOURCE assigns a new value to the ONGSOURCE built-in function
+            (may be used when a data conversion error occurs,
+             and may be used when a re-try of the conversion is to be
+             attempted with modified data).

Task/Special-variables/Pascal/special-variables-1.pas

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+program foo(input, output);
+begin
+	{ In this program, `input` and `output` have special meaning. }
+end.

Task/Special-variables/Pascal/special-variables-2.pas

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+program foo(output);
+var
+	input: integer;
+begin
+	{ In this program only `output` has special meaning. }
+end.

Task/Special-variables/PowerShell/special-variables-1.psh

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<#
+    $$
+    $?
+    $^
+    $_
+    $Args
+    $ConsoleFileName
+    $Error
+    $Event
+    $EventSubscriber
+    $ExecutionContext
+    $False
+    $ForEach
+    $Home
+    $Host
+    $Input
+    $LastExitCode
+    $Matches
+    $MyInvocation
+    $NestedPromptLevel
+    $NULL
+    $PID
+    $Profile
+    $PSBoundParameters
+    $PsCmdlet
+    $PsCulture
+    $PSDebugContext
+    $PsHome
+    $PSitem
+    $PSScriptRoot
+    $PsUICulture
+    $PsVersionTable
+    $Pwd
+    $Sender
+    $ShellID
+    $SourceArgs
+    $SourceEventArgs
+    $This
+    $True
+#>

Task/Special-variables/PowerShell/special-variables-2.psh

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+help about_automatic_variables

Task/Special-variables/Python/special-variables.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+names = sorted((set(globals().keys()) | set(__builtins__.__dict__.keys())) - set('_ names i'.split()))
+print( '\n'.join(' '.join(names[i:i+8]) for i in range(0, len(names), 8)) )

Task/Special-variables/REXX/special-variables-1.rexx

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*REXX program demonstrates REXX special variables:  RC,  RESULT,  SIGL */
+                           /*line two.  */
+                           /*line three.*/             say copies('═',79)
+rc=1/3                     /*line four. */
+signal youWho              /*line five. */
+myLoo='this got skipped'   /*line six.  */
+youwho:                    /*line seven.*/
+sep=copies('─', 9)         /*line eight.*/
+say sep  'SIGL=' sigl      /*line nine. */
+say sep  'REXX source statement' SIGL '=' sourceline(sigl)
+                                                       say copies('═',79)
+g=44
+call halve  g
+say sep  'rc='     rc
+say sep  'result=' result
+                                                       say copies('═',79)
+h=66
+hh=halve(h)
+say sep  'rc='     rc
+say sep  'result=' result
+say sep  'hh='     hh
+                                                       say copies('═',79)
+'DIR  /ad  /b'                         /*display the directories (Bare).*/
+say sep  'rc='     rc
+say sep  'result=' result
+                                                       say copies('═',79)
+exit                                   /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/
+/*──────────────────────────────────HALVE subroutine────────────────────*/
+halve: return arg(1) / 2               /*a simple halving function.     */

Task/Special-variables/REXX/special-variables-2.rexx

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+'dir a2.txt'
+Say 'rc='rc
+'dir 33.*'
+Say 'rc='rc
+
+Call square 5
+Say 'RESULT='result
+Say 'SIGL='sigl
+
+x2=square(3) /* just a simle example */
+Say '3**2='||x2
+
+Signal On Novalue
+x=y   /* y was not yet assigned a value */
+
+Exit
+square: Procedure Expose sigl
+Say 'square was invoked from line' sigl':' sourceline(sigl)
+Return arg(1)**2
+
+Novalue:
+Say 'NOVALUE encountered in line' sigl':' sourceline(sigl)
+Exit

Task/Special-variables/Raku/special-variables-1.raku

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+ $foo   scalar (object)
+ @foo   ordered array
+ %foo   unordered hash (associative array)
+ &foo   code/rule/token/regex
+ ::foo  package/module/class/role/subset/enum/type/grammar

Task/Special-variables/Raku/special-variables-2.raku

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+ $foo                # ordinary scoping
+ $.foo               # object attribute public accessor
+ $^foo               # self-declared formal positional parameter
+ $:foo               # self-declared formal named parameter
+ $*foo               # dynamically overridable global variable
+ $?foo               # compiler hint variable
+ $=foo               # POD variable
+ $<foo>              # match variable, short for $/{'foo'}
+ $!foo               # object attribute private storage
+ $~foo               # the foo sublanguage seen by the parser at this lexical spot

Task/Special-variables/Raku/special-variables-3.raku

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Lexical variables
+
+ $_                  # implicit variable lexically scoped to the current block
+ $!                  # current Exception object
+ $/                  # last match
+ $0, $1, $2...       # captured values from match: $/[0], $/[1], $/[2] ...
+
+# Compile-time variables
+
+$?PACKAGE            # current package
+$?CLASS              # current class
+$?MODULE             # current module
+$?ROLE               # current role
+$?DISTRIBUTION       # which OS distribution am I compiling under
+$?FILE               # current filename of source file
+$?LINE               # current line number in source file
+&?ROUTINE            # current sub or method (itself)
+&?BLOCK              # current block (itself)
+
+# Dynamic variables
+
+$*USAGE              # value of the auto-generated USAGE message
+$*PROGRAM-NAME       # path to the current executable
+$*PROGRAM            # location (in the form of an IO::Path object) of the Raku program being executed
+@*ARGS               # command-line arguments
+$*ARGFILES           # the magic command-line input handle
+$*CWD                # current working directory
+$*DISTRO             # which OS distribution am I running under
+%*ENV                # system environment variables
+$*ERR                # standard error handle
+$*EXECUTABLE-NAME    # name of the Raku executable that is currently running
+$*EXECUTABLE         # IO::Path absolute path of the Raku executable that is currently running
+$*IN                 # standard input handle; is an IO object
+$*KERNEL             # operating system running under
+$*OUT                # standard output handle
+$*RAKU               # Raku version running under
+$*PID                # system process id
+$*TZ                 # local time zone
+$*USER               # system user id
+
+# Run-time variables
+
+$*COLLATION          # object that can be used to configure Unicode collation levels
+$*TOLERANCE          # used by the =~= operator to decide if two values are approximately equal
+$*DEFAULT-READ-ELEMS # affects the number of bytes read by default by IO::Handle.read

Task/Special-variables/Raku/special-variables-4.raku

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ *  # A standalone term that has no fixed value, instead it captures the notion of "Whatever",
+    # the meaning of which is decided lazily by whatever it is an argument to.
+    # See the docs on Whatever: https://docs.raku.org/type/Whatever

Task/Special-variables/Smalltalk/special-variables-1.st

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Smalltalk keys

Task/Special-variables/Smalltalk/special-variables-2.st

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Float precision

Task/Special-variables/Smalltalk/special-variables-3.st

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Smalltalk version

Task/Special-variables/Ursa/special-variables.ursa

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# contains arguments passed to the ursa
+# interpreter on the command line
+string<> args
+
+# iodevice that points to the console by default
+iodevice console
+
+# contains "\n"
+string endl
+
+# represents false
+boolean false
+
+# represents true
+boolean true

Task/Special-variables/Wren/special-variables.wren

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+class Parent {
+    construct new(name) {
+        _name = name
+    }
+
+    name { _name }
+}
+
+class Child is Parent {
+    construct new(name, parentName) {
+        _name = name
+        super(parentName)  // call parent's constructor
+    }
+
+    name { _name } // overrides Parent's name method
+
+    printNames() {
+        System.print("My name is %(this.name) and my parent's name is %(super.name).")
+    }
+}
+
+var c = Child.new("John", "Fred")
+c.printNames()

Task/Special-variables/Z80-Assembly/special-variables-1.z80

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+org &0066
+
+NMI_HANDLER:   ;this label is optional, the CPU doesn't need it to know how to jump here.
+retn           ;in this example, the NMI routine will immediately return without doing anything.

Task/Special-variables/Z80-Assembly/special-variables-2.z80

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ ld a,r ;read from the refresh register.

Task/Special-variables/ZX-Spectrum-Basic/special-variables.basic

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+10 PRINT "The border colour is "; PEEK (23624): REM bordcr
+20 PRINT "The ramtop address is "; PEEK (23730) + 256 * PEEK (23731): REM ramtop
+30 POKE 23609,50: REM set keyboard pip to 50

Task/Special-variables/Zkl/special-variables.zkl

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__DATE__, __DEBUG__, __FILE__, __LINE__, __NAME__, __TIME__