aparler/RosettaCodeData
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues 12 Pull requests 3 Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions

Data commit

Browse source
This commit is contained in:
Ingy döt Net 2023-07-01 11:58:00 -04:00
parent 7387c8f97b
commit cb5bb5e222
199093 changed files with 3378972 additions and 0 deletions
Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

2
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/00-META.yaml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
---
from: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Unbias_a_random_generator

14
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/00-TASK.txt Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
Given a weighted one-bit generator of random numbers where the probability of a one occurring, <math>P_1</math>, is not the same as <math>P_0</math>, the probability of a zero occurring, the probability of the occurrence of a one followed by a zero is <math>P_1</math> × <math>P_0</math>, assuming independence. This is the same as the probability of a zero followed by a one: <math>P_0</math> × <math>P_1</math>.
;Task details:
* Use your language's random number generator to create a function/method/subroutine/... '''randN''' that returns a one or a zero, but with one occurring, on average, 1 out of N times, where N is an integer from the range 3 to 6 inclusive.
* Create a function '''unbiased''' that uses only randN as its source of randomness to become an unbiased generator of random ones and zeroes.
* For N over its range, generate and show counts of the outputs of randN and unbiased(randN).
<br>
The actual unbiasing should be done by generating two numbers at a time from randN and only returning a 1 or 0 if they are different. As long as you always return the first number or always return the second number, the probabilities discussed above should take over the biased probability of randN.
This task is an implementation of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_extractor#Von_Neumann_extractor Von Neumann debiasing], first described in a 1951 paper.
<br><br>

20
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/11l/unbias-a-random-generator.11l Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
F randN(n)
‘1,0 random generator factory with 1 appearing 1/n'th of the time’
R () -> random:(@=n) == 0
F unbiased(biased)
‘uses a biased() generator of 1 or 0, to create an unbiased one’
V (this, that) = (biased(), biased())
L this == that
(this, that) = (biased(), biased())
R this
L(n) 3..6
V biased = randN(n)
V v = (0.<1000000).map(x -> @biased())
V (v1, v0) = (v.count(1), v.count(0))
print(‘Biased(#.): count1=#., count0=#., percent=#.2’.format(n, v1, v0, 100.0 * v1 / (v1 + v0)))
v = (0.<1000000).map(x -> unbiased(@biased))
(v1, v0) = (v.count(1), v.count(0))
print(‘ Unbiased: count1=#., count0=#., percent=#.2’.format(v1, v0, 100.0 * v1 / (v1 + v0)))

51
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Ada/unbias-a-random-generator.ada Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
with Ada.Text_IO; with Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random;
procedure Bias_Unbias is
Modulus: constant Integer := 60; -- lcm of {3,4,5,6}
type M is mod Modulus;
package Rand is new Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random(M);
Gen: Rand.Generator;
subtype Bit is Integer range 0 .. 1;
function Biased_Bit(Bias_Base: Integer) return Bit is
begin
if (Integer(Rand.Random(Gen))* Bias_Base) / Modulus > 0 then
return 0;
else
return 1;
end if;
end Biased_Bit;
function Unbiased_Bit(Bias_Base: Integer) return Bit is
A, B: Bit := 0;
begin
while A = B loop
A := Biased_Bit(Bias_Base);
B := Biased_Bit(Bias_Base);
end loop;
return A;
end Unbiased_Bit;
package FIO is new Ada.Text_IO.Float_IO(Float);
Counter_B, Counter_U: Natural;
Number_Of_Samples: constant Natural := 10_000;
begin
Rand.Reset(Gen);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(" I Biased% UnBiased%");
for I in 3 .. 6 loop
Counter_B := 0;
Counter_U := 0;
for J in 1 .. Number_Of_Samples loop
Counter_B := Counter_B + Biased_Bit(I);
Counter_U := Counter_U + Unbiased_Bit(I);
end loop;
Ada.Text_IO.Put(Integer'Image(I));
FIO.Put(100.0 * Float(Counter_B) / Float(Number_Of_Samples), 5, 2, 0);
FIO.Put(100.0 * Float(Counter_U) / Float(Number_Of_Samples), 5, 2, 0);
Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;
end loop;
end Bias_Unbias;

39
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Aime/unbias-a-random-generator.aime Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
integer
biased(integer bias)
{
1 ^ min(drand(bias - 1), 1);
}
integer
unbiased(integer bias)
{
integer a;
while ((a = biased(bias)) == biased(bias)) {
}
a;
}
integer
main(void)
{
integer b, n, cb, cu, i;
n = 10000;
b = 3;
while (b <= 6) {
i = cb = cu = 0;
while ((i += 1) <= n) {
cb += biased(b);
cu += unbiased(b);
}
o_form("bias ~: /d2p2/%% vs /d2p2/%%\n", b, 100r * cb / n,
100r * cu / n);
b += 1;
}
0;
}

15
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/AutoHotkey/unbias-a-random-generator.ahk Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
Biased(){
Random, q, 0, 4
return q=4
}
Unbiased(){
Loop
If ((a := Biased()) != biased())
return a
}
Loop 1000
t .= biased(), t2 .= unbiased()
StringReplace, junk, t2, 1, , UseErrorLevel
MsgBox % "Unbiased probability of a 1 occurring: " Errorlevel/1000
StringReplace, junk, t, 1, , UseErrorLevel
MsgBox % "biased probability of a 1 occurring: " Errorlevel/1000

29
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/BASIC256/unbias-a-random-generator.basic Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
function randN (n)
if int(rand * n) + 1 <> 1 then return 0 else return 1
end function
function unbiased (n)
do
a = randN (n)
b = randN (n)
until a <> b
return a
end function
numveces = 100000
print "Resultados de números aleatorios sesgados e imparciales" + chr(10)
for n = 3 to 6
dim b_numveces(n) fill 0
dim u_numveces(n) fill 0
for m = 1 to numveces
x = randN (n)
b_numveces[x] += 1
x = unbiased (n)
u_numveces[x] += 1
next m
print "N = "; n
print " Biased =>", "#0="; (b_numveces[0]); " #1="; (b_numveces[1]); " ratio = "; (b_numveces[1]/numveces*100); "%"
print "Unbiased =>", "#0="; (u_numveces[0]); " #1="; (u_numveces[1]); " ratio = "; (u_numveces[1]/numveces*100); "%"
next n
end

20
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/BBC-BASIC/unbias-a-random-generator.basic Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
FOR N% = 3 TO 6
biased% = 0
unbiased% = 0
FOR I% = 1 TO 10000
IF FNrandN(N%) biased% += 1
IF FNunbiased(N%) unbiased% += 1
NEXT
PRINT "N = ";N% " : biased = "; biased%/100 "%, unbiased = "; unbiased%/100 "%"
NEXT
END
DEF FNunbiased(N%)
LOCAL A%,B%
REPEAT
A% = FNrandN(N%)
B% = FNrandN(N%)
UNTIL A%<>B%
= A%
DEF FNrandN(N%) = -(RND(N%) = 1)

54
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/C++/unbias-a-random-generator.cpp Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
#include <iostream>
#include <random>
std::default_random_engine generator;
bool biased(int n) {
std::uniform_int_distribution<int> distribution(1, n);
return distribution(generator) == 1;
}
bool unbiased(int n) {
bool flip1, flip2;
/* Flip twice, and check if the values are the same.
* If so, flip again. Otherwise, return the value of the first flip. */
do {
flip1 = biased(n);
flip2 = biased(n);
} while (flip1 == flip2);
return flip1;
}
int main() {
for (size_t n = 3; n <= 6; n++) {
int biasedZero = 0;
int biasedOne = 0;
int unbiasedZero = 0;
int unbiasedOne = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
if (biased(n)) {
biasedOne++;
} else {
biasedZero++;
}
if (unbiased(n)) {
unbiasedOne++;
} else {
unbiasedZero++;
}
}
std::cout << "(N = " << n << ")\n";
std::cout << "Biased:\n";
std::cout << " 0 = " << biasedZero << "; " << biasedZero / 1000.0 << "%\n";
std::cout << " 1 = " << biasedOne << "; " << biasedOne / 1000.0 << "%\n";
std::cout << "Unbiased:\n";
std::cout << " 0 = " << unbiasedZero << "; " << unbiasedZero / 1000.0 << "%\n";
std::cout << " 1 = " << unbiasedOne << "; " << unbiasedOne / 1000.0 << "%\n";
std::cout << '\n';
}
return 0;
}

59
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/C-sharp/unbias-a-random-generator.cs Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
using System;
namespace Unbias
{
internal class Program
{
private static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Demonstrate.
for (int n = 3; n <= 6; n++)
{
int biasedZero = 0, biasedOne = 0, unbiasedZero = 0, unbiasedOne = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
if (randN(n))
biasedOne++;
else
biasedZero++;
if (Unbiased(n))
unbiasedOne++;
else
unbiasedZero++;
}
Console.WriteLine("(N = {0}):".PadRight(17) + "# of 0\t# of 1\t% of 0\t% of 1", n);
Console.WriteLine("Biased:".PadRight(15) + "{0}\t{1}\t{2}\t{3}",
biasedZero, biasedOne,
biasedZero/1000, biasedOne/1000);
Console.WriteLine("Unbiased:".PadRight(15) + "{0}\t{1}\t{2}\t{3}",
unbiasedZero, unbiasedOne,
unbiasedZero/1000, unbiasedOne/1000);
}
}
private static bool Unbiased(int n)
{
bool flip1, flip2;
/* Flip twice, and check if the values are the same.
* If so, flip again. Otherwise, return the value of the first flip. */
do
{
flip1 = randN(n);
flip2 = randN(n);
} while (flip1 == flip2);
return flip1;
}
private static readonly Random random = new Random();
private static bool randN(int n)
{
// Has an 1/n chance of returning 1. Otherwise it returns 0.
return random.Next(0, n) == 0;
}
}
}

32
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/C/unbias-a-random-generator.c Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int biased(int bias)
{
/* balance out the bins, being pedantic */
int r, rand_max = RAND_MAX - (RAND_MAX % bias);
while ((r = rand()) > rand_max);
return r < rand_max / bias;
}
int unbiased(int bias)
{
int a;
while ((a = biased(bias)) == biased(bias));
return a;
}
int main()
{
int b, n = 10000, cb, cu, i;
for (b = 3; b <= 6; b++) {
for (i = cb = cu = 0; i < n; i++) {
cb += biased(b);
cu += unbiased(b);
}
printf("bias %d: %5.3f%% vs %5.3f%%\n", b,
100. * cb / n, 100. * cu / n);
}
return 0;
}

17
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Clojure/unbias-a-random-generator.clj Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
(defn biased [n]
(if (< (rand 2) (/ n)) 0 1))
(defn unbiased [n]
(loop [a 0 b 0]
(if (= a b)
(recur (biased n) (biased n))
a)))
(for [n (range 3 7)]
[n
(double (/ (apply + (take 50000 (repeatedly #(biased n)))) 50000))
(double (/ (apply + (take 50000 (repeatedly #(unbiased n)))) 50000))])
([3 0.83292 0.50422]
[4 0.87684 0.5023]
[5 0.90122 0.49728]
[6 0.91526 0.5])

29
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/CoffeeScript/unbias-a-random-generator.coffee Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
biased_rand_function = (n) ->
# return a function that returns 0/1 with
# 1 appearing only 1/Nth of the time
cap = 1/n
->
if Math.random() < cap
1
else
0
unbiased_function = (f) ->
->
while true
[n1, n2] = [f(), f()]
return n1 if n1 + n2 == 1
stats = (label, f) ->
cnt = 0
sample_size = 10000000
for i in [1...sample_size]
cnt += 1 if f() == 1
console.log "ratio of 1s: #{cnt / sample_size} [#{label}]"
for n in [3..6]
console.log "\n---------- n = #{n}"
f_biased = biased_rand_function(n)
f_unbiased = unbiased_function f_biased
stats "biased", f_biased
stats "unbiased", f_unbiased

11
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Common-Lisp/unbias-a-random-generator.lisp Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
(defun biased (n) (if (zerop (random n)) 0 1))
(defun unbiased (n)
(loop with x do
(if (/= (setf x (biased n)) (biased n))
(return x))))
(loop for n from 3 to 6 do
(let ((u (loop repeat 10000 collect (unbiased n)))
(b (loop repeat 10000 collect (biased n))))
(format t "~a: unbiased ~d biased ~d~%" n (count 0 u) (count 0 b))))

17
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/D/unbias-a-random-generator.d Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
import std.stdio, std.random, std.algorithm, std.range, std.functional;
enum biased = (in int n) /*nothrow*/ => uniform01 < (1.0 / n);
int unbiased(in int bias) /*nothrow*/ {
int a;
while ((a = bias.biased) == bias.biased) {}
return a;
}
void main() {
enum M = 500_000;
foreach (immutable n; 3 .. 7)
writefln("%d: %2.3f%% %2.3f%%", n,
M.iota.map!(_=> n.biased).sum * 100.0 / M,
M.iota.map!(_=> n.unbiased).sum * 100.0 / M);
}

30
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/ERRE/unbias-a-random-generator.erre Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
PROGRAM UNBIAS
FUNCTION RANDN(N)
RANDN=INT(1+N*RND(1))=1
END FUNCTION
PROCEDURE UNBIASED(N->RIS)
LOCAL A,B
REPEAT
A=RANDN(N)
B=RANDN(N)
UNTIL A<>B
RIS=A
END PROCEDURE
BEGIN
PRINT(CHR$(12);) ! CLS
RANDOMIZE(TIMER)
FOR N=3 TO 6 DO
BIASED=0
UNBIASED=0
FOR I=1 TO 10000 DO
IF RANDN(N) THEN biased+=1
UNBIASED(N->RIS)
IF RIS THEN unbiased+=+1
END FOR
PRINT("N =";N;" : biased =";biased/100;", unbiased =";unbiased/100)
END FOR
END PROGRAM

45
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Elena/unbias-a-random-generator.elena Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
import extensions;
extension op : IntNumber
{
bool randN()
= randomGenerator.nextInt(self) == 0;
get bool Unbiased()
{
bool flip1 := self.randN();
bool flip2 := self.randN();
while (flip1 == flip2)
{
flip1 := self.randN();
flip2 := self.randN()
};
^ flip1
}
}
public program()
{
for(int n := 3, n <= 6, n += 1)
{
int biasedZero := 0;
int biasedOne := 0;
int unbiasedZero := 0;
int unbiasedOne := 0;
for(int i := 0, i < 100000, i += 1)
{
if(n.randN()) { biasedOne += 1 } else { biasedZero += 1 };
if(n.Unbiased) { unbiasedOne += 1 } else { unbiasedZero += 1 }
};
console
.printLineFormatted("(N = {0}):".padRight(17) + "# of 0"$9"# of 1"$9"% of 0"$9"% of 1", n)
.printLineFormatted("Biased:".padRight(15) + "{0}"$9"{1}"$9"{2}"$9"{3}",
biasedZero, biasedOne, biasedZero / 1000, biasedOne / 1000)
.printLineFormatted("Unbiased:".padRight(15) + "{0}"$9"{1}"$9"{2}"$9"{3}",
unbiasedZero, unbiasedOne, unbiasedZero / 1000, unbiasedOne / 1000)
}
}

17
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Elixir/unbias-a-random-generator.elixir Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
defmodule Random do
def randN(n) do
if :rand.uniform(n) == 1, do: 1, else: 0
end
def unbiased(n) do
{x, y} = {randN(n), randN(n)}
if x != y, do: x, else: unbiased(n)
end
end
IO.puts "N biased unbiased"
m = 10000
for n <- 3..6 do
xs = for _ <- 1..m, do: Random.randN(n)
ys = for _ <- 1..m, do: Random.unbiased(n)
IO.puts "#{n} #{Enum.sum(xs) / m} #{Enum.sum(ys) / m}"
end

25
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Euphoria/unbias-a-random-generator.euphoria Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
function randN(integer N)
return rand(N) = 1
end function
function unbiased(integer N)
integer a
while 1 do
a = randN(N)
if a != randN(N) then
return a
end if
end while
end function
constant n = 10000
integer cb, cu
for b = 3 to 6 do
cb = 0
cu = 0
for i = 1 to n do
cb += randN(b)
cu += unbiased(b)
end for
printf(1, "%d: %5.2f%% %5.2f%%\n", {b, 100 * cb / n, 100 * cu / n})
end for

22
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/F-Sharp/unbias-a-random-generator.fs Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
open System
let random = Random()
let randN = random.Next >> (=)0 >> Convert.ToInt32
let rec unbiased n =
let a = randN n
if a <> randN n then a else unbiased n
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
let n = if argv.Length > 0 then UInt32.Parse(argv.[0]) |> int else 100000
for b = 3 to 6 do
let cb = ref 0
let cu = ref 0
for i = 1 to n do
cb := !cb + randN b
cu := !cu + unbiased b
printfn "%d: %5.2f%% %5.2f%%"
b (100. * float !cb / float n) (100. * float !cu / float n)
0

19
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Factor/unbias-a-random-generator.factor Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
USING: formatting kernel math math.ranges random sequences ;
IN: rosetta-code.unbias
: randN ( n -- m ) random zero? 1 0 ? ;
: unbiased ( n -- m )
dup [ randN ] dup bi 2dup = not
[ drop nip ] [ 2drop unbiased ] if ;
: test-generator ( quot -- x )
[ 1,000,000 dup ] dip replicate sum 100 * swap / ; inline
: main ( -- )
3 6 [a,b] [
dup [ randN ] [ unbiased ] bi-curry
[ test-generator ] bi@ "%d: %.2f%% %.2f%%\n" printf
] each ;
MAIN: main

49
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Fortran/unbias-a-random-generator.f Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
program Bias_Unbias
implicit none
integer, parameter :: samples = 1000000
integer :: i, j
integer :: c1, c2, rand
do i = 3, 6
c1 = 0
c2 = 0
do j = 1, samples
rand = bias(i)
if (rand == 1) c1 = c1 + 1
rand = unbias(i)
if (rand == 1) c2 = c2 + 1
end do
write(*, "(i2,a,f8.3,a,f8.3,a)") i, ":", real(c1) * 100.0 / real(samples), &
"%", real(c2) * 100.0 / real(samples), "%"
end do
contains
function bias(n)
integer :: bias
integer, intent(in) :: n
real :: r
call random_number(r)
if (r > 1 / real(n)) then
bias = 0
else
bias = 1
end if
end function
function unbias(n)
integer :: unbias
integer, intent(in) :: n
integer :: a, b
do
a = bias(n)
b = bias(n)
if (a /= b) exit
end do
unbias = a
end function
end program

36
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/FreeBASIC/unbias-a-random-generator.basic Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
Function randN (n As Ubyte) As Ubyte
If Int(Rnd * n) + 1 <> 1 Then Return 0 Else Return 1
End Function
Function unbiased (n As Ubyte) As Ubyte
Dim As Ubyte a, b
Do
a = randN (n)
b = randN (n)
Loop Until a <> b
Return a
End Function
Const count = 100000
Dim x As Ubyte
Randomize Timer
Print "Resultados de n";Chr(163);!"meros aleatorios sesgados e imparciales\n"
For n As Ubyte = 3 To 6
Dim As Integer b_count(1)
Dim As Integer u_count(1)
For m As Integer = 1 To count
x = randN (n)
b_count(x) += 1
x = unbiased (n)
u_count(x) += 1
Next m
Print "N ="; n
Print " Biased =>", "#0="; Str(b_count(0)), "#1="; Str(b_count(1)),
Print Using "ratio = ##.##%"; (b_count(1) / count * 100)
Print "Unbiased =>", "#0="; Str(u_count(0)), "#1="; Str(u_count(1)),
Print Using "ratio = ##.##%"; (u_count(1) / count * 100)
Next n
Sleep

38
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/GAP/unbias-a-random-generator.gap Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
RandNGen := function(n)
local v, rand;
v := [1 .. n - 1]*0;
Add(v, 1);
rand := function()
return Random(v);
end;
return rand;
end;
UnbiasedGen := function(rand)
local unbiased;
unbiased := function()
local a, b;
while true do
a := rand();
b := rand();
if a <> b then
break;
fi;
od;
return a;
end;
return unbiased;
end;
range := [2 .. 6];
v := List(range, RandNGen);
w := List(v, UnbiasedGen);
apply := gen -> Sum([1 .. 1000000], n -> gen());
# Some tests (2 is added as a witness, since in this case RandN is already unbiased)
PrintArray(TransposedMat([range, List(v, apply), List(w, apply)]));
# [ [ 2, 499991, 499041 ],
# [ 3, 333310, 500044 ],
# [ 4, 249851, 500663 ],
# [ 5, 200532, 500448 ],
# [ 6, 166746, 499859 ] ]

40
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Go/unbias-a-random-generator.go Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
)
const samples = 1e6
func main() {
fmt.Println("Generator 1 count 0 count % 1 count")
for n := 3; n <= 6; n++ {
// function randN, per task description
randN := func() int {
if rand.Intn(n) == 0 {
return 1
}
return 0
}
var b [2]int
for x := 0; x < samples; x++ {
b[randN()]++
}
fmt.Printf("randN(%d) %7d %7d %5.2f%%\n",
n, b[1], b[0], float64(b[1])*100/samples)
// function unbiased, per task description
unbiased := func() (b int) {
for b = randN(); b == randN(); b = randN() {
}
return
}
var u [2]int
for x := 0; x < samples; x++ {
u[unbiased()]++
}
fmt.Printf("unbiased %7d %7d %5.2f%%\n",
u[1], u[0], float64(u[1])*100/samples)
}
}

6
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Haskell/unbias-a-random-generator-1.hs Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
import Control.Monad.Random
import Control.Monad
import Text.Printf
randN :: MonadRandom m => Int -> m Int
randN n = fromList [(0, fromIntegral n-1), (1, 1)]

4
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Haskell/unbias-a-random-generator-2.hs Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
unbiased :: (MonadRandom m, Eq x) => m x -> m x
unbiased g = do x <- g
y <- g
if x /= y then return y else unbiased g

8
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Haskell/unbias-a-random-generator-3.hs Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
main = forM_ [3..6] showCounts
where
showCounts b = do
r1 <- counts (randN b)
r2 <- counts (unbiased (randN b))
printf "n = %d biased: %d%% unbiased: %d%%\n" b r1 r2
counts g = (`div` 100) . length . filter (== 1) <$> replicateM 10000 g

30
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Icon/unbias-a-random-generator.icon Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
procedure main(A)
iters := \A[1] | 10000
write("ratios of 0 to 1 from ",iters," trials:")
every n := 3 to 6 do {
results_randN := table(0)
results_unbiased := table(0)
every 1 to iters do {
results_randN[randN(n)] +:= 1
results_unbiased[unbiased(n)] +:= 1
}
showResults(n, "randN", results_randN)
showResults(n, "unbiased", results_unbiased)
}
end
procedure showResults(n, s, t)
write(n," ",left(s,9),":",t[0],"/",t[1]," = ",t[0]/real(t[1]))
end
procedure unbiased(n)
repeat {
n1 := randN(n)
n2 := randN(n)
if n1 ~= n2 then suspend n1
}
end
procedure randN(n)
repeat suspend if 1 = ?n then 1 else 0
end

2
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/J/unbias-a-random-generator-1.j Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
randN=: 0 = ?
unbiased=: i.@# { ::$: 2 | 0 3 -.~ _2 #.\ 4&* randN@# ]

4
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/J/unbias-a-random-generator-2.j Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
randN 10#6
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
unbiased 10#6
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

16
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/J/unbias-a-random-generator-3.j Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/randN 100#3
30
+/randN 100#4
20
+/randN 100#5
18
+/randN 100#6
18
+/unbiased 100#3
49
+/unbiased 100#4
46
+/unbiased 100#5
49
+/unbiased 100#6
47

27
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Java/unbias-a-random-generator.java Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
public class Bias {
public static boolean biased(int n) {
return Math.random() < 1.0 / n;
}
public static boolean unbiased(int n) {
boolean a, b;
do {
a = biased(n);
b = biased(n);
} while (a == b);
return a;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int M = 50000;
for (int n = 3; n < 7; n++) {
int c1 = 0, c2 = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
c1 += biased(n) ? 1 : 0;
c2 += unbiased(n) ? 1 : 0;
}
System.out.format("%d: %2.2f%% %2.2f%%\n",
n, 100.0*c1/M, 100.0*c2/M);
}
}
}

33
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Jq/unbias-a-random-generator.jq Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
### Utility Functions
# Output: a PRN in range(0;$n) where $n is .
def prn:
if . == 1 then 0
else . as $n
| (($n-1)|tostring|length) as $w
| [limit($w; inputs)] | join("") | tonumber
| if . < $n then . else ($n | prn) end
end;
def round: ((. * 100) | floor) / 100;
# input: n
# output: boolean, such that P(true) == 1/n
def biased:
prn == 1 | debug;
def unbiased:
. as $n
| {}
| until( .a != .b; {a: ($n|biased), b: ($n|biased)})
| .a;
def task($m):
def f(x;y;z): "\(x): \(y|round)% \(z|round)%";
range(3;7) as $n
| reduce range(0; $m) as $i ( {c1:0, c2:0};
if ($n|biased) then .c1 += 1 else . end
| if ($n|unbiased) then .c2 += 1 else . end)
| f($n; 100 * .c1 / $m; 100 * .c2 / $m);
task(50000)

22
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Julia/unbias-a-random-generator.julia Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
using Printf
randN(N) = () -> rand(1:N) == 1 ? 1 : 0
function unbiased(biased::Function)
this, that = biased(), biased()
while this == that this, that = biased(), biased() end
return this
end
@printf "%2s | %10s | %5s | %5s | %8s" "N" "bias./unb." "1s" "0s" "pct ratio"
const nrep = 10000
for N in 3:6
biased = randN(N)
v = collect(biased() for __ in 1:nrep)
v1, v0 = count(v .== 1), count(v .== 0)
@printf("%2i | %10s | %5i | %5i | %5.2f%%\n", N, "biased", v1, v0, 100 * v1 / nrep)
v = collect(unbiased(biased) for __ in 1:nrep)
v1, v0 = count(v .== 1), count(v .== 0)
@printf("%2i | %10s | %5i | %5i | %5.2f%%\n", N, "unbiased", v1, v0, 100 * v1 / nrep)
end

28
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Kotlin/unbias-a-random-generator.kotlin Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
// version 1.1.2
fun biased(n: Int) = Math.random() < 1.0 / n
fun unbiased(n: Int): Boolean {
var a: Boolean
var b: Boolean
do {
a = biased(n)
b = biased(n)
}
while (a == b)
return a
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val m = 50_000
val f = "%d: %2.2f%% %2.2f%%"
for (n in 3..6) {
var c1 = 0
var c2 = 0
for (i in 0 until m) {
if (biased(n)) c1++
if (unbiased(n)) c2++
}
println(f.format(n, 100.0 * c1 / m, 100.0 * c2 / m))
}
}

42
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Lua/unbias-a-random-generator.lua Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
local function randN(n)
return function()
if math.random() < 1/n then return 1 else return 0 end
end
end
local function unbiased(n)
local biased = randN (n)
return function()
local a, b = biased(), biased()
while a==b do
a, b = biased(), biased()
end
return a
end
end
local function demonstrate (samples)
for n = 3, 6 do
biased = randN(n)
unbias = unbiased(n)
local bcounts = {[0]=0,[1]=0}
local ucounts = {[0]=0,[1]=0}
for i=1, samples do
local bnum = biased()
local unum = unbias()
bcounts[bnum] = bcounts[bnum]+1
ucounts[unum] = ucounts[unum]+1
end
print(string.format("N = %d",n),
"# 0", "# 1",
"% 0", "% 1")
print("biased", bcounts[0], bcounts[1],
bcounts[0] / samples * 100,
bcounts[1] / samples * 100)
print("unbias", ucounts[0], ucounts[1],
ucounts[0] / samples * 100,
ucounts[1] / samples * 100)
end
end
demonstrate(100000)

7
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Mathematica/unbias-a-random-generator.math Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
rand[bias_, n_] := 1 - Unitize@RandomInteger[bias - 1, n]
unbiased[bias_, n_] := DeleteCases[rand[bias, {n, 2}], {a_, a_}][[All, 1]]
count = 1000000;
TableForm[
Table[{n, Total[rand[n, count]]/count // N,
Total[#]/Length[#] &@unbiased[n, count] // N}, {n, 3, 6}],
TableHeadings -> {None, {n, "biased", "unbiased"}}]

35
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/NetRexx/unbias-a-random-generator.netrexx Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary
runSample(arg)
return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method biased(n = int) public static returns boolean
return Math.random() < 1.0 / n
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method unbiased(n = int) public static returns boolean
a = boolean
b = boolean
loop until a \= b
a = biased(n)
b = biased(n)
end
return a
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method runSample(arg) private static
parse arg Mx .
if Mx.length <= 0 then Mx = 50000
M = int Mx
loop n = int 3 to 6
c1 = int 0
c2 = int 0
loop for M
if biased(n) then c1 = c1 + 1
if unbiased(n) then c2 = c2 + 1
end
say Rexx(n).right(3)':' Rexx(100.0 * c1 / M).format(6, 2)'%' Rexx(100.0 * c2 / M).format(6, 2)'%'
end n
return

30
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Nim/unbias-a-random-generator.nim Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
import random, sequtils, strformat
type randProc = proc: range[0..1]
randomize()
proc randN(n: Positive): randProc =
result = proc: range[0..1] = ord(rand(n) == 0)
proc unbiased(biased: randProc): range[0..1] =
result = biased()
var that = biased()
while result == that:
result = biased()
that = biased()
for n in 3..6:
var biased = randN(n)
var v = newSeqWith(1_000_000, biased())
var cnt0, cnt1 = 0
for x in v:
if x == 0: inc cnt0 else: inc cnt1
echo &"Biased({n}) → count1 = {cnt1}, count0 = {cnt0}, percent = {100*cnt1 / (cnt1+cnt0):.3f}"
v = newSeqWith(1_000_000, unbiased(biased))
cnt0 = 0
cnt1 = 0
for x in v:
if x == 0: inc cnt0 else: inc cnt1
echo &"Unbiased → count1 = {cnt1}, count0 = {cnt0}, percent = {100*cnt1 / (cnt1+cnt0):.3f}"

20
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/OCaml/unbias-a-random-generator.ocaml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
let randN n =
if Random.int n = 0 then 1 else 0
let rec unbiased n =
let a = randN n in
if a <> randN n then a else unbiased n
let () =
Random.self_init();
let n = 50_000 in
for b = 3 to 6 do
let cb = ref 0 in
let cu = ref 0 in
for i = 1 to n do
cb := !cb + (randN b);
cu := !cu + (unbiased b);
done;
Printf.printf "%d: %5.2f%% %5.2f%%\n"
b (100.0 *. float !cb /. float n) (100.0 *. float !cu /. float n)
done

10
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/PARI-GP/unbias-a-random-generator.parigp Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
randN(N)=!random(N);
unbiased(N)={
my(a,b);
while(1,
a=randN(N);
b=randN(N);
if(a!=b, return(a))
)
};
for(n=3,6,print(n"\t"sum(k=1,1e5,unbiased(n))"\t"sum(k=1,1e5,randN(n))))

29
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/PL-I/unbias-a-random-generator.pli Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
test: procedure options (main); /* 20 Nov. 2012 */
randN: procedure(N) returns (bit (1));
declare N fixed (1);
declare random builtin;
declare r fixed (2) external initial (-1);
if r >= 0 then do; r = r-1; return ('0'b); end;
r = random()*2*N;
return ('1'b);
end randN;
random: procedure returns (bit(1));
declare (r1, r2) bit (1);
do until (r1 ^= r2);
r1 = randN(N); r2 = randN(N);
end;
return (r1);
end random;
declare (biasedrn, unbiasedrn) (100) bit (1);
declare N fixed (1);
put ('N Biased Unbiased (tally of 100 random numbers)');
do N = 3 to 6;
biasedrn = randN(N); unbiasedrn = random;
put skip edit (N, sum(biasedrn), sum(unbiasedrn)) (F(1), 2 F(10));
end;
end test;

21
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Perl/unbias-a-random-generator.pl Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
sub randn {
my $n = shift;
return int(rand($n) / ($n - 1));
}
for my $n (3 .. 6) {
print "Bias $n: ";
my (@raw, @fixed);
for (1 .. 10000) {
my $x = randn($n);
$raw[$x]++;
$fixed[$x]++ if randn($n) != $x
}
print "@raw, ";
printf("%3g+-%.3g%%\tfixed: ", $raw[0]/100,
100 * sqrt($raw[0] * $raw[1]) / ($raw[0] + $raw[1])**1.5);
print "@fixed, ";
printf("%3g+-%.3g%%\n", 100*$fixed[0]/($fixed[0] + $fixed[1]),
100 * sqrt($fixed[0] * $fixed[1]) / ($fixed[0] + $fixed[1])**1.5);
}

26
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Phix/unbias-a-random-generator.phix Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
(phixonline)-->
<span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">javascript_semantics</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">randN</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">N</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">rand</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">N</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">unbiased</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">N</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">randN</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">N</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!=</span><span style="color: #000000;">randN</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">N</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">constant</span> <span style="color: #000000;">n</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">100000</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">6</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">cb</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">cu</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">n</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">cb</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">randN</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">cu</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">unbiased</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"%d: biased:%.0f%% unbiased:%.0f%%\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,(</span><span style="color: #000000;">cb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)*</span><span style="color: #000000;">100</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,(</span><span style="color: #000000;">cu</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)*</span><span style="color: #000000;">100</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<!--

10
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/PicoLisp/unbias-a-random-generator-1.l Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
(de randN (N)
(if (= 1 (rand 1 N)) 1 0) )
(de unbiased (N)
(use (A B)
(while
(=
(setq A (randN N))
(setq B (randN N)) ) )
A ) )

11
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/PicoLisp/unbias-a-random-generator-2.l Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
(for N (range 3 6)
(tab (2 1 7 2 7 2)
N ":"
(format
(let S 0 (do 10000 (inc 'S (randN N))))
2 )
"%"
(format
(let S 0 (do 10000 (inc 'S (unbiased N))))
2 )
"%" ) )

15
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/PowerShell/unbias-a-random-generator-1.psh Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
function randN ( [int]$N )
{
[int]( ( Get-Random -Maximum $N ) -eq 0 )
}
function unbiased ( [int]$N )
{
do {
$X = randN $N
$Y = randN $N
}
While ( $X -eq $Y )
return $X
}

15
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/PowerShell/unbias-a-random-generator-2.psh Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
$Tests = 1000
ForEach ( $N in 3..6 )
{
$Biased = 0
$Unbiased = 0
ForEach ( $Test in 1..$Tests )
{
$Biased += randN $N
$Unbiased += unbiased $N
}
[pscustomobject]@{ N = $N
"Biased Ones out of $Test" = $Biased
"Unbiased Ones out of $Test" = $Unbiased }
}

35
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/PureBasic/unbias-a-random-generator.basic Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
Procedure biased(n)
If Random(n) <> 1
ProcedureReturn 0
EndIf
ProcedureReturn 1
EndProcedure
Procedure unbiased(n)
Protected a, b
Repeat
a = biased(n)
b = biased(n)
Until a <> b
ProcedureReturn a
EndProcedure
#count = 100000
Define n, m, output.s
For n = 3 To 6
Dim b_count(1)
Dim u_count(1)
For m = 1 To #count
x = biased(n)
b_count(x) + 1
x = unbiased(n)
u_count(x) + 1
Next
output + "N = " + Str(n) + #LF$
output + " biased =>" + #tab$ + "#0=" + Str(b_count(0)) + #tab$ + "#1=" +Str(b_count(1))
output + #tab$ + " ratio=" + StrF(b_count(1) / #count * 100, 2) + "%" + #LF$
output + " unbiased =>" + #tab$ + "#0=" + Str(u_count(0)) + #tab$ + "#1=" + Str(u_count(1))
output + #tab$ + " ratio=" + StrF(u_count(1) / #count * 100, 2) + "%" + #LF$
Next
MessageRequester("Biased and Unbiased random number results", output)

28
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Python/unbias-a-random-generator.py Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import random
def randN(N):
" 1,0 random generator factory with 1 appearing 1/N'th of the time"
return lambda: random.randrange(N) == 0
def unbiased(biased):
'uses a biased() generator of 1 or 0, to create an unbiased one'
this, that = biased(), biased()
while this == that: # Loop until 10 or 01
this, that = biased(), biased()
return this # return the first
if __name__ == '__main__':
from collections import namedtuple
Stats = namedtuple('Stats', 'count1 count0 percent')
for N in range(3, 7):
biased = randN(N)
v = [biased() for x in range(1000000)]
v1, v0 = v.count(1), v.count(0)
print ( "Biased(%i) = %r" % (N, Stats(v1, v0, 100. * v1/(v1 + v0))) )
v = [unbiased(biased) for x in range(1000000)]
v1, v0 = v.count(1), v.count(0)
print ( " Unbiased = %r" % (Stats(v1, v0, 100. * v1/(v1 + v0)), ) )

27
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Quackery/unbias-a-random-generator.quackery Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
$ "bigrat.qky" loadfile
[ random 0 = ] is randN ( n --> n )
[ dup randN
over randN
2dup = iff
2drop again
drop nip ] is unbias ( n --> n )
[ dup echo say " biased --> "
0
1000000 times
[ over randN if 1+ ]
nip 1000000 6 point$ echo$ ] is showbias ( n --> )
[ dup echo say " unbiased --> "
0
1000000 times
[ over unbias if 1+ ]
nip 1000000 6 point$ echo$ ] is showunbias ( n --> )
' [ 3 4 5 6 ]
witheach
[ dup cr
showbias cr
showunbias cr ]

11
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/R/unbias-a-random-generator.r Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
randN = function(N) sample.int(N, 1) == 1
unbiased = function(f)
{while ((x <- f()) == f()) {}
x}
samples = 10000
print(t(round(d = 2, sapply(3:6, function(N) c(
N = N,
biased = mean(replicate(samples, randN(N))),
unbiased = mean(replicate(samples, unbiased(function() randN(N)))))))))

19
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/REXX/unbias-a-random-generator.rexx Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
/*REXX program generates unbiased random numbers and displays the results to terminal.*/
parse arg # R seed . /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/
if #=='' | #=="," then #=1000 /*#: the number of SAMPLES to be used.*/
if R=='' | R=="," then R=6 /*R: the high number for the range. */
if datatype(seed, 'W') then call random ,,seed /*Specified? Then use for RANDOM seed.*/
dash='─'; @b="biased"; @ub='un'@b /*literals for the SAY column headers. */
say left('',5) ctr("N",5) ctr(@b) ctr(@b'%') ctr(@ub) ctr(@ub"%") ctr('samples')
dash=
do N=3 to R; b=0; u=0
do j=1 for #; b=b + randN(N); u=u + unbiased()
end /*j*/
say left('', 5) ctr(N, 5) ctr(b) pct(b) ctr(u) pct(u) ctr(#)
end /*N*/
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
ctr: return center( arg(1), word(arg(2) 12, 1), left(dash, 1)) /*show hdr│numbers.*/
pct: return ctr( format(arg(1) / # * 100, , 2)'%' ) /*2 decimal digits.*/
randN: parse arg z; return random(1, z)==z /*ret 1 if rand==Z.*/
unbiased: do until x\==randN(N); x=randN(N); end; return x /* " unbiased RAND*/

13
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Racket/unbias-a-random-generator.rkt Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
#lang racket
;; Using boolean #t/#f instead of 1/0
(define ((randN n)) (zero? (random n)))
(define ((unbiased biased))
(let loop () (let ([r (biased)]) (if (eq? r (biased)) (loop) r))))
;; Counts
(define N 1000000)
(for ([n (in-range 3 7)])
(define (try% R) (round (/ (for/sum ([i N]) (if (R) 1 0)) N 1/100)))
(define biased (randN n))
(printf "Count: ~a => Biased: ~a%; Unbiased: ~a%.\n"
n (try% biased) (try% (unbiased biased))))

20
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Raku/unbias-a-random-generator.raku Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
sub randN ( $n where 3..6 ) {
return ( $n.rand / ($n - 1) ).Int;
}
sub unbiased ( $n where 3..6 ) {
my $n1;
repeat { $n1 = randN($n) } until $n1 != randN($n);
return $n1;
}
my $iterations = 1000;
for 3 .. 6 -> $n {
my ( @raw, @fixed );
for ^$iterations {
@raw[ randN($n) ]++;
@fixed[ unbiased($n) ]++;
}
printf "N=%d randN: %s, %4.1f%% unbiased: %s, %4.1f%%\n",
$n, map { .raku, .[1] * 100 / $iterations }, @raw, @fixed;
}

19
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Ring/unbias-a-random-generator.ring Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
for n = 3 to 6
biased = 0
unb = 0
for i = 1 to 10000
biased += randN(n)
unb += unbiased(n)
next
see "N = " + n + " : biased = " + biased/100 + "%, unbiased = " + unb/100 + "%" + nl
next
func unbiased nr
while 1
a = randN(nr)
if a != randN(nr) return a ok
end
func randN m
m = (random(m) = 1)
return m

22
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Ruby/unbias-a-random-generator.rb Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
def rand_n(bias)
rand(bias) == 0 ? 1 : 0
end
def unbiased(bias)
a, b = rand_n(bias), rand_n(bias) until a != b #loop until a and b are 0,1 or 1,0
a
end
runs = 1_000_000
keys = %i(bias biased unbiased) #use [:bias,:biased,:unbiased] in Ruby < 2.0
puts keys.join("\t")
(3..6).each do |bias|
counter = Hash.new(0) # counter will respond with 0 when key is not known
runs.times do
counter[:biased] += 1 if rand_n(bias) == 1 #the first time, counter has no key for :biased, so it will respond 0
counter[:unbiased] += 1 if unbiased(bias) == 1
end
counter[:bias] = bias
puts counter.values_at(*keys).join("\t")
end

39
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Rust/unbias-a-random-generator.rust Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
#![feature(inclusive_range_syntax)]
extern crate rand;
use rand::Rng;
fn rand_n<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, n: u32) -> usize {
rng.gen_weighted_bool(n) as usize // maps `false` to 0 and `true` to 1
}
fn unbiased<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, n: u32) -> usize {
let mut bit = rand_n(rng, n);
while bit == rand_n(rng, n) {
bit = rand_n(rng, n);
}
bit
}
fn main() {
const SAMPLES: usize = 100_000;
let mut rng = rand::weak_rng();
println!(" Bias rand_n unbiased");
for n in 3..=6 {
let mut count_biased = 0;
let mut count_unbiased = 0;
for _ in 0..SAMPLES {
count_biased += rand_n(&mut rng, n);
count_unbiased += unbiased(&mut rng, n);
}
let b_percentage = 100.0 * count_biased as f64 / SAMPLES as f64;
let ub_percentage = 100.0 * count_unbiased as f64 / SAMPLES as f64;
println!(
"bias {}: {:0.2}% {:0.2}%",
n, b_percentage, ub_percentage
);
}
}

13
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Scala/unbias-a-random-generator.scala Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
def biased( n:Int ) = scala.util.Random.nextFloat < 1.0 / n
def unbiased( n:Int ) = { def loop : Boolean = { val a = biased(n); if( a != biased(n) ) a else loop }; loop }
for( i <- (3 until 7) ) println {
val m = 50000
var c1,c2 = 0
(0 until m) foreach { j => if( biased(i) ) c1 += 1; if( unbiased(i) ) c2 += 1 }
"%d: %2.2f%% %2.2f%%".format(i, 100.0*c1/m, 100.0*c2/m)
}

34
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Seed7/unbias-a-random-generator.seed7 Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "float.s7i";
const func integer: randN (in integer: n) is
return ord(rand(1, n) = 1);
const func integer: unbiased (in integer: n) is func
result
var integer: unbiased is 0;
begin
repeat
unbiased := randN(n);
until unbiased <> randN(n);
end func;
const proc: main is func
local
const integer: tests is 50000;
var integer: n is 0;
var integer: sumBiased is 0;
var integer: sumUnbiased is 0;
var integer: count is 0;
begin
for n range 3 to 6 do
sumBiased := 0;
sumUnbiased := 0;
for count range 1 to tests do
sumBiased +:= randN(n);
sumUnbiased +:= unbiased(n);
end for;
writeln(n <& ": " <& flt(100 * sumBiased) / flt(tests) digits 3 lpad 6 <&
" " <& flt(100 * sumUnbiased) / flt(tests) digits 3 lpad 6);
end for;
end func;

22
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Sidef/unbias-a-random-generator.sidef Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
func randN (n) {
n.rand / (n-1) -> int
}
func unbiased(n) {
var n1 = nil
do { n1 = randN(n) } while (n1 == randN(n))
return n1
}
var iterations = 1000
for n in (3..6) {
var raw = []
var fixed = []
iterations.times {
raw[ randN(n) ] := 0 ++
fixed[ unbiased(n) ] := 0 ++
}
printf("N=%d randN: %s, %4.1f%% unbiased: %s, %4.1f%%\n",
n, [raw, fixed].map {|a| (a.dump, a[1] * 100 / iterations) }...)
}

23
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Tcl/unbias-a-random-generator.tcl Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
# 1,0 random generator factory with 1 appearing 1/N'th of the time
proc randN n {expr {rand()*$n < 1}}
# uses a biased generator of 1 or 0, to create an unbiased one
proc unbiased {biased} {
while 1 {
if {[set a [eval $biased]] != [eval $biased]} {return $a}
}
}
for {set n 3} {$n <= 6} {incr n} {
set biased [list randN $n]
for {set i 0;array set c {0 0 1 0}} {$i < 1000000} {incr i} {
incr c([eval $biased])
}
puts [format " biased %d => #0=%d #1=%d ratio=%.2f%%" $n $c(0) $c(1) \
[expr {100.*$c(1)/$i}]]
for {set i 0;array set c {0 0 1 0}} {$i < 1000000} {incr i} {
incr c([unbiased $biased])
}
puts [format "unbiased %d => #0=%d #1=%d ratio=%.2f%%" $n $c(0) $c(1) \
[expr {100.*$c(1)/$i}]]
}

45
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Visual-Basic-.NET/unbias-a-random-generator.vb Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
Module Module1
Dim random As New Random()
Function RandN(n As Integer) As Boolean
Return random.Next(0, n) = 0
End Function
Function Unbiased(n As Integer) As Boolean
Dim flip1 As Boolean
Dim flip2 As Boolean
Do
flip1 = RandN(n)
flip2 = RandN(n)
Loop While flip1 = flip2
Return flip1
End Function
Sub Main()
For n = 3 To 6
Dim biasedZero = 0
Dim biasedOne = 0
Dim unbiasedZero = 0
Dim unbiasedOne = 0
For i = 1 To 100000
If RandN(n) Then
biasedOne += 1
Else
biasedZero += 1
End If
If Unbiased(n) Then
unbiasedOne += 1
Else
unbiasedZero += 1
End If
Next
Console.WriteLine("(N = {0}):".PadRight(17) + "# of 0" + vbTab + "# of 1" + vbTab + "% of 0" + vbTab + "% of 1", n)
Console.WriteLine("(Biased: {0}):".PadRight(15) + "{0}" + vbTab + "{1}" + vbTab + "{2}" + vbTab + "{3}", biasedZero, biasedOne, biasedZero / 1000, biasedOne / 1000)
Console.WriteLine("(UnBiased: {0}):".PadRight(15) + "{0}" + vbTab + "{1}" + vbTab + "{2}" + vbTab + "{3}", unbiasedZero, unbiasedOne, unbiasedZero / 1000, unbiasedOne / 1000)
Next
End Sub
End Module

26
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Wren/unbias-a-random-generator.wren Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
import "random" for Random
import "/fmt" for Fmt
var rand = Random.new()
var biased = Fn.new { |n| rand.float() < 1 / n }
var unbiased = Fn.new { |n|
while (true) {
var a = biased.call(n)
var b = biased.call(n)
if (a != b) return a
}
}
var m = 50000
var f = "$d: $2.2f\% $2.2f\%"
for (n in 3..6) {
var c1 = 0
var c2 = 0
for (i in 0...m) {
if (biased.call(n)) c1 = c1 + 1
if (unbiased.call(n)) c2 = c2 + 1
}
Fmt.print(f, n, 100 * c1 / m, 100 * c2 / m)
}

2
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Zkl/unbias-a-random-generator-1.zkl Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
fcn randN(N){ (not (0).random(N)).toInt() }
fcn unbiased(randN){ while((a:=randN())==randN()){} a }

7
Task/Unbias-a-random-generator/Zkl/unbias-a-random-generator-2.zkl Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
const Z=0d100_000;
foreach N in ([3..6]){
"%d: biased: %3.2f%%, unbiased: %3.2f%%".fmt(N,
(0).reduce(Z,'wrap(s,_){ s+randN(N) },0.0)/Z*100,
(0).reduce(Z,'wrap(s,_){ s+unbiased(randN.fp(N)) },0.0)/Z*100)
.println();
}