.. _usersguide_tallies:

==================
Specifying Tallies
==================

.. currentmodule:: openmc

In order to obtain estimates of physical quantities in your simulation, you need
to create one or more tallies using the :class:`openmc.Tally` class. As
explained in detail in the :ref:`theory manual <methods_tallies>`, tallies
provide estimates of a scoring function times the flux integrated over some
region of phase space, as in:

.. math::

    X = \underbrace{\int d\mathbf{r} \int d\mathbf{\Omega} \int
    dE}_{\text{filters}} \underbrace{f(\mathbf{r}, \mathbf{\Omega},
    E)}_{\text{scores}} \psi (\mathbf{r}, \mathbf{\Omega}, E)

Thus, to specify a tally, we need to specify what regions of phase space should
be included when deciding whether to score an event as well as what the scoring
function (:math:`f` in the above equation) should be used. The regions of phase
space are generally called *filters* and the scoring functions are simply
called *scores*.

The only cases when filters do not correspond directly with the regions of
phase space are when expansion functions are applied in the integrand, such as
for Legendre expansions of the scattering kernel.

-------
Filters
-------

To specify the regions of phase space, one must create a
:class:`openmc.Filter`. Since :class:`openmc.Filter` is an abstract class, you
actually need to instantiate one of its sub-classes (for a full listing, see
:ref:`pythonapi_tallies`). For example, to indicate that events that occur in a
given cell should score to the tally, we would create a
:class:`openmc.CellFilter`::

   cell_filter = openmc.CellFilter([fuel.id, moderator.id, reflector.id])

Another commonly used filter is :class:`openmc.EnergyFilter`, which specifies
multiple energy bins over which events should be scored. Thus, if we wanted to
tally events where the incident particle has an energy in the ranges [0 eV, 4
eV] and [4 eV, 1 MeV], we would do the following::

  energy_filter = openmc.EnergyFilter([0.0, 4.0, 1.0e6])

Energies are specified in eV and need to be monotonically increasing.

.. caution:: An energy bin between zero and the lowest energy specified is not
             included by default as it is in MCNP.

Once you have created a filter, it should be assigned to a :class:`openmc.Tally`
instance through the :attr:`Tally.filters` attribute::

  tally.filters.append(cell_filter)
  tally.filters.append(energy_filter)

  # This is equivalent
  tally.filters = [cell_filter, energy_filter]

.. note:: You are actually not required to assign any filters to a tally. If you
          create a tally with no filters, all events will score to the
          tally. This can be useful if you want to know, for example, a reaction
          rate over your entire model.

.. _usersguide_scores:

------
Scores
------

To specify the scoring functions, a list of strings needs to be given to the
:attr:`Tally.scores` attribute. You can score the flux ('flux'), or a reaction
rate ('total', 'fission', etc.). For example, to tally the elastic scattering
rate and the fission neutron production, you'd assign::

  tally.scores = ['elastic', 'nu-fission']

With no further specification, you will get the total elastic scattering rate
and the total fission neutron production. If you want reaction rates for a
particular nuclide or set of nuclides, you can set the :attr:`Tally.nuclides`
attribute to a list of strings indicating which nuclides. The nuclide names
should follow the same :ref:`naming convention <usersguide_naming>` as that used
for material specification. If we wanted the reaction rates only for U235 and
U238 (separately), we'd set::

  tally.nuclides = ['U235', 'U238']

You can also list 'all' as a nuclide which will give you a separate reaction
rate for every nuclide in the model.

The following tables show all valid scores:

.. table:: **Flux scores: units are particle-cm per source particle.**

    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |Score                 | Description                                       |
    +======================+===================================================+
    |flux                  |Total flux.                                        |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

.. table:: **Reaction scores: units are reactions per source particle.**

    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |Score                   |Description                                      |
    +========================+=================================================+
    |absorption              |Total absorption rate. For incident neutrons,    |
    |                        |this accounts for all reactions that do not      |
    |                        |produce secondary neutrons as well as fission.   |
    |                        |For incident photons, this includes              |
    |                        |photoelectric and pair production.               |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |elastic                 |Elastic scattering reaction rate.                |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |fission                 |Total fission reaction rate.                     |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |scatter                 |Total scattering rate.                           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |total                   |Total reaction rate.                             |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,2nd)                 |(n,2nd) reaction rate.                           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,2n)                  |(n,2n) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,3n)                  |(n,3n) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,na)                  |(n,n\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,n3a)                 |(n,n3\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,2na)                 |(n,2n\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,3na)                 |(n,3n\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,np)                  |(n,np) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,n2a)                 |(n,n2\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,2n2a)                |(n,2n2\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.         |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,nd)                  |(n,nd) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,nt)                  |(n,nt) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,n3He)                |(n,n\ :sup:`3`\ He) reaction rate.               |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,nd2a)                |(n,nd2\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.         |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,nt2a)                |(n,nt2\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.         |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,4n)                  |(n,4n) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,2np)                 |(n,2np) reaction rate.                           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,3np)                 |(n,3np) reaction rate.                           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,n2p)                 |(n,n2p) reaction rate.                           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,npa)                 |(n,np\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,n*X*)                |Level inelastic scattering reaction rate. The    |
    |                        |*X* indicates which inelastic level, e.g.,       |
    |                        |(n,n3) is third-level inelastic scattering.      |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,nc)                  |Continuum level inelastic scattering             |
    |                        |reaction rate.                                   |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,gamma)               |Radiative capture reaction rate.                 |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,p)                   |(n,p) reaction rate.                             |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,d)                   |(n,d) reaction rate.                             |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,t)                   |(n,t) reaction rate.                             |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,3He)                 |(n,\ :sup:`3`\ He) reaction rate.                |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,a)                   |(n,\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,2a)                  |(n,2\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,3a)                  |(n,3\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,2p)                  |(n,2p) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,pa)                  |(n,p\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,t2a)                 |(n,t2\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,d2a)                 |(n,d2\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,pd)                  |(n,pd) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,pt)                  |(n,pt) reaction rate.                            |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |(n,da)                  |(n,d\ :math:`\alpha`\ ) reaction rate.           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |photon-total            |Total photo-atomic reaction rate.                |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |coherent-scatter        |Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering reaction rate.    |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |incoherent-scatter      |Incoherent (Compton) scattering reaction rate.   |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |photoelectric           |Photoelectric absorption reaction rate.          |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |photoelectric-*S*       |Subshell photoelectric absorption rate for the   |
    |                        |*S* shell. For example, "photoelectric-N3" is the|
    |                        |rate for the N3 subshell.                        |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |pair-production         |Pair production reaction rate (total).           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |pair-production-electron|Pair production reaction rate in the electron    |
    |                        |field.                                           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |pair-production-nuclear |Pair production reaction rate in the nuclear     |
    |                        |field.                                           |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
    |*Arbitrary integer*     |An arbitrary integer is interpreted to mean the  |
    |                        |reaction rate for a reaction with a given ENDF   |
    |                        |MT number.                                       |
    +------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

.. table:: **Particle production scores: units are particles produced per
           source particles.**

    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |Score                 | Description                                       |
    +======================+===================================================+
    |delayed-nu-fission    |Total production of delayed neutrons due to        |
    |                      |fission.                                           |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |prompt-nu-fission     |Total production of prompt neutrons due to         |
    |                      |fission.                                           |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |nu-fission            |Total production of neutrons due to fission.       |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |nu-scatter            |This score is similar in functionality to the      |
    |                      |``scatter`` score except the total production of   |
    |                      |neutrons due to scattering is scored vice simply   |
    |                      |the scattering rate. This accounts for             |
    |                      |multiplicity from (n,2n), (n,3n), and (n,4n)       |
    |                      |reactions.                                         |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |H1-production         |Total production of H1.                            |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |H2-production         |Total production of H2 (deuterium).                |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |H3-production         |Total production of H3 (tritium).                  |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |He3-production        |Total production of He3.                           |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |He4-production        |Total production of He4 (alpha particles).         |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

.. table:: **Miscellaneous scores: units are indicated for each.**

    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |Score                 | Description                                       |
    +======================+===================================================+
    |current               |It may not be used in conjunction with any other   |
    |                      |score except flux.                                 |
    |                      |                                                   |
    |                      |When used in combination with a meshsurface filter:|
    |                      |Partial currents on the boundaries of each cell in |
    |                      |a mesh.                                            |
    |                      |                                                   |
    |                      |When used in combination with a surface filter:    |
    |                      |Net currents on any surface previously defined in  |
    |                      |the geometry. It may be used along with any other  |
    |                      |filter, except meshsurface filters.                |
    |                      |Surfaces can alternatively be defined with cell    |
    |                      |from and cell filters thereby resulting in tallying|
    |                      |partial currents.                                  |
    |                      |                                                   |
    |                      |Units are particles per source particle.           |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |events                |Number of scoring events. Units are events per     |
    |                      |source particle.                                   |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |inverse-velocity      |The flux-weighted inverse velocity where the       |
    |                      |velocity is in units of centimeters per second.    |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |heating               |Total nuclear heating in units of eV per source    |
    |                      |particle. For neutrons, this corresponds to MT=301 |
    |                      |produced by NJOY's HEATR module while for photons, |
    |                      |this is tallied from direct photon energy          |
    |                      |deposition. See :ref:`methods_heating`.            |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |heating-local         |Total nuclear heating in units of eV per source    |
    |                      |particle assuming energy from secondary photons is |
    |                      |deposited locally. Note that this score should only|
    |                      |be used for incident neutrons. See                 |
    |                      |:ref:`methods_heating`.                            |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |kappa-fission         |The recoverable energy production rate due to      |
    |                      |fission. The recoverable energy is defined as the  |
    |                      |fission product kinetic energy, prompt and delayed |
    |                      |neutron kinetic energies, prompt and delayed       |
    |                      |:math:`\gamma`-ray total energies, and the total   |
    |                      |energy released by the delayed :math:`\beta`       |
    |                      |particles. The neutrino energy does not contribute |
    |                      |to this response. The prompt and delayed           |
    |                      |:math:`\gamma`-rays are assumed to deposit their   |
    |                      |energy locally. Units are eV per source particle.  |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |fission-q-prompt      |The prompt fission energy production rate. This    |
    |                      |energy comes in the form of fission fragment       |
    |                      |nuclei, prompt neutrons, and prompt                |
    |                      |:math:`\gamma`-rays. This value depends on the     |
    |                      |incident energy and it requires that the nuclear   |
    |                      |data library contains the optional fission energy  |
    |                      |release data. Energy is assumed to be deposited    |
    |                      |locally. Units are eV per source particle.         |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |fission-q-recoverable |The recoverable fission energy production rate.    |
    |                      |This energy comes in the form of fission fragment  |
    |                      |nuclei, prompt and delayed neutrons, prompt and    |
    |                      |delayed :math:`\gamma`-rays, and delayed           |
    |                      |:math:`\beta`-rays. This tally differs from the    |
    |                      |kappa-fission tally in that it is dependent on     |
    |                      |incident neutron energy and it requires that the   |
    |                      |nuclear data library contains the optional fission |
    |                      |energy release data. Energy is assumed to be       |
    |                      |deposited locally. Units are eV per source         |
    |                      |paticle.                                           |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |decay-rate            |The delayed-nu-fission-weighted decay rate where   |
    |                      |the decay rate is in units of inverse seconds.     |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |damage-energy         |Damage energy production in units of eV per source |
    |                      |particle. This corresponds to MT=444 produced by   |
    |                      |NJOY's HEATR module.                               |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |pulse-height          |The energy deposited by an entire photon's history |
    |                      |(including its progeny). Units are eV per source   |
    |                      |particle. Note that this score can only be combined|
    |                      |with a cell filter and an energy filter.           |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |ifp-time-numerator    |Adjoint-weighted lifetime of neutron produced by   |
    |                      |fission in units of seconds per source particle.   |
    |                      |This score is used to compute kinetics parameters  |
    |                      |using the iterated fission probability (IFP)       |
    |                      |method.                                            |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |ifp-beta-numerator    |Adjoint-weighted number of delayed fission events  |
    |                      |in units of number of delayed fission event per    |
    |                      |source particle. This score is used to compute     |
    |                      |kinetics parameters using the iterated fission     |
    |                      |probability (IFP) method.                          |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    |ifp-denominator       |Weights corresponding to the number of fission     |
    |                      |events in units of number of fission event per     |
    |                      |source particle. This score is used to compute     |
    |                      |kinetics parameters using the iterated fission     |
    |                      |probability (IFP) method.                          |
    +----------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

.. _usersguide_tally_normalization:

------------------------------
Normalization of Tally Results
------------------------------

As described in :ref:`usersguide_scores`, all tally scores are normalized per
source particle simulated. However, for analysis of a given system, we usually
want tally scores in a more natural unit. For example, neutron flux is often
reported in units of particles/cm\ :sup:`2`\ -s. For a fixed source simulation,
it is usually straightforward to convert units if the source rate is known. For
example, if the system being modeled includes a source that is emitting 10\
:sup:`4` neutrons per second, the tally results just need to be multipled by 10\
:sup:`4`. This can either be done manually or using the
:attr:`openmc.SourceBase.strength` attribute.

For a :math:`k`\ -eigenvalue calculation, normalizing tally results is not as
simple because the source rate is not actually known. Instead, we typically know
the system power, :math:`P`, which represents how much energy is deposited per
unit time. Most of this energy originates from fission, but a small percentage
also results from other reactions (e.g., photons emitted from :math:`(n,\gamma)`
reactions). The most rigorous method to normalize tally results is to run a
coupled neutron-photon calculation and tally the ``heating`` score over the
entire system. This score provides the heating rate in units of [eV/source],
which we'll denote :math:`H`. Then, calculate the heating rate in J/source as

.. math::

    H' = 1.602\times10^{-19} \left [ \frac{\text{J}}{\text{eV}} \right ] \cdot H
    \left [\frac{\text{eV}}{\text{source}} \right ].

Dividing the power by the observed heating rate then gives us a normalization
factor that can be applied to other tallies:

.. math::

    f = \frac{P}{H'} = \frac{[\text{J}/\text{s}]}{[\text{J}/\text{source}]} =
    \left [ \frac{\text{source}}{\text{s}} \right ].

Multiplying by the normalization factor and dividing by volume, we can then get
the flux in typical units:

.. math::

    \phi' = \frac{f\phi}{V} =
    \frac{[\text{source}/\text{s}][\text{particle-cm}/\text{source}]}
    {[\text{cm}^3]} = \left [\frac{\text{particle}}{\text{cm}^2\cdot\text{s}}
    \right ]

There are several slight variations on this procedure:

- Run a neutron-only calculation and estimate the total heating using the
  ``heating-local`` score (this requires that your nuclear data has local
  heating data available, such as in the official data library at
  https://openmc.org. See :ref:`methods_heating` for more information.)
- Run a neutron-only calculation and use the ``kappa-fission`` or
  ``fission-q-recoverable`` scores along with an estimate of the extra heating
  due to neutron capture reactions.
- Calculate the overall fission rate and then used a fixed Q value to estimate
  the heating rate.

Note that the only difference between these and the above procedures is in how
:math:`H'` is estimated.
